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Chapter 6 Data Analysis

This document discusses various stages and techniques for data analysis. It covers hypothesis testing, univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Hypothesis testing involves deriving a hypothesis, collecting a sample, comparing the sample to the hypothesis, and determining if the hypothesis is supported. Significance testing and p-values are used to determine if observed differences could be due to chance. Univariate analysis examines one variable, bivariate examines two variables, and multivariate examines three or more variables. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques are discussed.

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Habte Debele
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
60 views

Chapter 6 Data Analysis

This document discusses various stages and techniques for data analysis. It covers hypothesis testing, univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Hypothesis testing involves deriving a hypothesis, collecting a sample, comparing the sample to the hypothesis, and determining if the hypothesis is supported. Significance testing and p-values are used to determine if observed differences could be due to chance. Univariate analysis examines one variable, bivariate examines two variables, and multivariate examines three or more variables. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques are discussed.

Uploaded by

Habte Debele
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 6 : Data Analysis

Content
6.1 Overview of the Stages of Data Analysis
6.3 Hypothesis Testing
6.4 Univariate , bivariate, and multivariate analysis
6.5 Characteristics of the main statistical techniques
6.1 Overview of the Stages of Data Analysis

Stages of the Research Process


The application of reasoning to understand the
data that have been gathered.
• Data analysis is different from data
presentation
• The appropriate analytical technique for data
analysis will be determined by
– management’s information requirements,
– the characteristics of the research design, and
– the nature of the data gathered
Data integrity
• The notion that the data file actually contains
the information that the researcher promised
the decision maker he or she would obtain,
meaning in part that the data have been
edited and properly coded so that they are
useful to the decision maker.
6.2 Hypothesis Testing (I)

• Hypotheses are tested by comparing the researcher’s


educated guess with empirical reality. The process can be
described as follows:
• First, the hypothesis is derived from the research question /
objective. The hypothesis should be stated as specifically as
possible.
• Next, a sample is obtained and the relevant variable is
measured.
• The measured value obtained in the sample is compared to
the value either stated explicitly or implied in the
hypothesis.
 If the value is consistent with the hypothesis, the hypothesis is
supported.
 If the value is not consistent with the hypothesis, the hypothesis
is not supported.
SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS AND p-VALUES
significance level
• A critical probability associated with a statistical
hypothesis test that indicates how likely an
inference supporting a difference between an
observed value and some statistical expectation
is true.
p-value
• Probability value, or the observed or computed
significance level; p-values are compared to
significance levels to test hypotheses.
Hypothesis Testing (II)
• Significance testing is used to help make a judgment about a claim
by addressing the question, “Can the observed difference be
attributed to chance? “
Four steps of significance testing
Step A: Null and alternative hypotheses
• Convert the research question into null hypothesis (H0) and
alternative hypothesis (H1).
• The null hypothesis is a claim of “no difference.” The alternative
hypothesis (H1) is a claim of “a difference in the population,” and is
the hypothesis the researcher often hopes to bolster.
• It is important to keep in mind that the null and alternative
hypotheses reference population values, and not observed
statistics.
Step B: Test statistic
• We calculate a test statistic from the data. There are different types
of test statistics, like z- test , t- test , chi –square etc... ( see annex)
Step C: p Value and conclusion
• The test statistic is converted to a conditional probability called a
P-value. The P- value answers the question

• “If the null hypothesis were true, what is the probability of


observing the current data or data that is more extreme?”

• Small p values provide evidence against the null hypothesis


because they say the observed data are unlikely when the null
hypothesis is true.
• We apply the following conventions:
– When p value > .10 → the observed difference is “not significant”
– When p value ≤ .10 → the observed difference is “marginally
significant”
– When p value ≤ .05 → the observed difference is “significant”
– When p value ≤ .01 → the observed difference is “highly significant”
• Use of “significant” in this context means “the
observed difference is not likely due to
chance.” It does not mean of “important” or
“meaningful.”

Step D: Decision (optional)


• Alpha (α) is a probability threshold for a
decision. If P ≤ α, we will reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise it will be retained for
want of evidence.
Type I and Type II Errors
Which of the two errors is more serious? Type I or
Type II ?
• Usually  Type I is the more serious error .
• Alpha is the probability of committing a Type I
error.
• We usually pick alpha to be very small (0.05,
0.01).
• Likewise beta is the probability of committing a
Type II error.
6.3 Statistical analysis

• Univariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses


involving only one variable.

• Bivariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses


involving two variables.

• Multivariate statistical analysis tests


hypotheses and models involving multiple
(three or more) variables or sets of variables.
6.3.1 Major Univariate Statistical Choices
6.3.2 Bivariate Analysis— Common Procedures for Testing Association
6.3.3 Multivariate analysis
Which Multivariate Approach Is Appropriate?
 
Which Multivariate Dependence Technique to Use?
Which Multivariate Interdependence Technique to Use?
6.4 Qualitative Data Analysis

• Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA methods)


• Framework Analysis
Step 1: Transcription
Step 2: Familiarisation with the interview
Step 3: Coding
Step 4: Developing a working analytical framework
Step 5: Applying the analytical framework
Step 6: Charting data into the framework matrix
• softwares help manage qualitative data ( for example
Atlas.ti )
Session 16: Summary Table of the characteristics
of the main statistical techniques

SPSS Training
by Dr. Ayele Abebe
Statistical Techniques
Mainly two categories of Statistical techniques
• to explore RELATIONSHIPS among variables ( for
example , Correlation ; Partial correlation ; Multiple
regression ; Logistic regression ;Factor analysis ,
etc....
• to COMPARE groups (for example , Non-parametric
statistics ; T-tests , One-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) ; Two-way between-groups ANOVA ;
Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance ;
Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) ;
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA); etc...
Annex : p-Values and Statistical Tests
END

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