Periodic Table of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements
Periodic Table
 The periodic table organizes the elements in a
particular way. A great deal of information about an
element can be gathered from its position in the
period table.
 For example, you can predict with reasonably good
accuracy the physical and chemical properties of
the element. You can also predict what other
elements a particular element will react with
chemically.
 Understanding the organization and plan of the
periodic table will help you obtain basic information
about each of the 118 known elements.
Atomic Mass and Isotopes
 While most atoms have
the same number of
protons and neutrons,
some don’t.
 Some atoms have more
or less neutrons than
protons. These are called
isotopes.
 An atomic mass number
with a decimal is the total
of the number of protons
plus the average number
of neutrons.
Valence Electrons
 The number of valence
electrons an atom has
may also appear in a
square.
 Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outer
energy level of an atom.
 These are the electrons
that are transferred or
shared when atoms bond
together.
Properties of Metals
 Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
 Metals are shiny.
 Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
 Metals are malleable (can
be pounded into thin
sheets).
 A chemical property of
metal is its reaction with
water which results in
corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals
 Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
 Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
 Solid non-metals are
brittle and break
easily.
 They are dull.
 Many non-metals are
gases.
Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids
 Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
 They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
 They conduct heat and
electricity better than non-
metals but not as well as
metals.
 They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
Families Periods
 Columns of elements are called  Each horizontal row of
groups or families. elements is called a period.
 Elements in each family have  The elements in a period
similar but not identical are not alike in properties.
properties.
 In fact, the properties
 For example, lithium (Li),
change greatly across
sodium (Na), potassium (K),
and other members of family IA
even given row.
are all soft, white, shiny metals.  The first element in a
 All elements in a family have period is always an
the same number of valence extremely active solid. The
electrons. last element in a period, is
always an inactive gas.
Alkali Metals
 The alkali family is found in
the first column of the
periodic table.
 Atoms of the alkali metals
have a single electron in
their outermost level, in
other words, 1 valence
electron.
 They are shiny, have the
consistency of clay, and are
easily cut with a knife.
Alkali Metals
 They are the most
reactive metals.
 They react violently
with water.
 Alkali metals are
never found as free
elements in nature.
They are always
bonded with
another element.
What does it mean to be
reactive?
 We will be describing elements according to their
reactivity.
 Elements that are reactive bond easily with other
elements to make compounds.
 Some elements are only found in nature bonded with
other elements.
 What makes an element reactive?
 An incomplete valence electron level.
 All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in their
very outermost energy level (This is called the rule of octet.)
 Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few
valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7,
or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
5
Alkaline Earth Metals
 They are never found uncombined in nature.
 They have two valence electrons.
 Alkaline earth metals include magnesium
and calcium, among others.
Boron Family
 The Boron Family is
named after the first
element in the family.
 Atoms in this family have 3
valence electrons.
 This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and the
rest are metals.
 This family includes the
most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust (aluminum).
Carbon Family
 Atoms of this family have 4
valence electrons.
 This family includes a non-
metal (carbon), metalloids,
and metals.
 The element carbon is called
the “basis of life.” There is an
entire branch of chemistry
devoted to carbon compounds
called organic chemistry.
Nitrogen Family
 The nitrogen family is named
after the element that makes
up 78% of our atmosphere.
 This family includes non-
metals, metalloids, and metals.
 Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electrons
when they bond.
 Other elements in this family
are phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth.
Oxygen Family
 Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
 Most elements in this family
share electrons when
forming compounds.
 Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earth’s crust. It is extremely
active and combines with
almost all elements.
Halogen Family
 The elements in this family are
fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine.
 Halogens have 7 valence
electrons, which explains why
they are the most active non-
metals. They are never found
free in nature.
Halogen atoms only need
to gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
They react with alkali
metals to form salts.
Noble Gases
 Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.

 One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are
inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
 Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form
compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
 The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon,
and radon.
 All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.
Rare Earth Elements
 The thirty rare earth
elements are composed
of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
 One element of the
lanthanide series and
most of the elements in
the actinide series are
called trans-uranium,
which means synthetic or
man-made.
Mendeleev
 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch
Mendeléev created the first accepted
version of the periodic table.
 He grouped elements according to
their atomic mass, and as he did, he
found that the families had similar
chemical properties.
 Blank spaces were left open to add
the new elements he predicted
would occur.

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Periodic Table of Elements

 Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.

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