Thenan - Danial - Aina
Thenan - Danial - Aina
Thenan - Danial - Aina
Definition
Epidemiology
Classification
Thenan A/L Sankar 132865
Definition
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) as blunt and/or penetrating injury to the head (above
the neck) and/or brain due to external force with temporary or permanent
impairment in brain function which may or may not result in underlying structural
changes in the brain.
Epidemiology
Injury was the fifth (7.86%) commonest cause of hospitalization
age group between 15-34 years (56.6%) was at the highest risk of major trauma
Road traffic accident was the commonest cause of injury related hospitalisations
Head injury was the commonest diagnosis leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admission
blunt trauma made up 96% of injury
Road trauma accounted for 75% of cases with motorcyclists being most commonly injured.
High proportion 86% of major trauma patients had injuries to the head and neck with AIS >3.85%
of all trauma patients with head injury have some form of intracranial injury.
Based on the World Health Organization Global status report on road safety 2013 , the road traffic
fatality rate was higher than global road traffic fatality rate (25 vs 18 per 100 000 population).
Brain Injury
II. anatomical - scalp and/or face and/or skull with or without brain injury
(internal and external)
Mild 13-15
Moderate 9-12
Severe 3-8
Peads GCS
2. Morphology
3. Imaging
ROTTERDAM CT SCORE
Important in restoration
and maintenances of the
systemic and cerebral
perfusion.
2. Intravenous
fluids
Isotonic crystalloid is a
preferred choice of IV fluid
in head injury.
4. ANTICONVULSANT
Post traumatic seizure (PTS) defined as recurrent seizure
disorder due to TBI
Reference:
1. CPG on Early Managment of Head Injury in Adult 2015
Traumatic Surgical Interventions
• Emergency surgery may be needed to minimize additional damage to brain tissues.
Surgery may be used to address the following problems:
• Removing clotted blood (hematomas). Bleeding outside or within the brain can
result in a collection of clotted blood (hematoma) that puts pressure on the brain
and damages brain tissue.
• Repairing skull fractures. Surgery may be needed to repair severe skull fractures or
to remove pieces of skull in the brain.
• Bleeding in the brain. Head injuries that cause bleeding in the brain may need
surgery to stop the bleeding.
• Opening a window in the skull. Surgery may be used to relieve pressure inside the
skull by draining accumulated cerebral spinal fluid or creating a window in the skull
that provides more room for swollen tissues.
• Indications