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    CHEM-205 Analytical Chemistry-I: Anova

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    Tanya Dilshad
    The document discusses hypothesis testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It begins by defining key elements of hypothesis testing such as the null and alternative hypotheses. It explains that the null hypothesis states the assumption being tested, usually with an equal sign, while the alternative is the opposite. P-values are calculated by comparing a test statistic to its distribution under the null hypothesis. ANOVA compares group means and sources of variation between and within groups. It provides an example ANOVA table and uses a cooking oil experiment to demonstrate a one-way ANOVA. Confidence intervals, limits, and levels are statistical concepts used to examine the accuracy of estimates based on samples.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CHEM-205 Analytical Chemistry-I: Anova

    Uploaded by

    Tanya Dilshad
    67 views20 pages
    The document discusses hypothesis testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It begins by defining key elements of hypothesis testing such as the null and alternative hypotheses. It explains that the null hypothesis states the assumption being tested, usually with an equal sign, while the alternative is the opposite. P-values are calculated by comparing a test statistic to its distribution under the null hypothesis. ANOVA compares group means and sources of variation between and within groups. It provides an example ANOVA table and uses a cooking oil experiment to demonstrate a one-way ANOVA. Confidence intervals, limits, and levels are statistical concepts used to examine the accuracy of estimates based on samples.

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    Anova analytical chemistry

    Original Title

    Lecture ANOVA

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    The document discusses hypothesis testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It begins by defining key elements of hypothesis testing such as the null and alternative hypotheses. It explains that the null hypothesis states the assumption being tested, usually with an equal sign, while the alternative is the opposite. P-values are calculated by comparing a test statistic to its distribution under the null hypothesis. ANOVA compares group means and sources of variation between and within groups. It provides an example ANOVA table and uses a cooking oil experiment to demonstrate a one-way ANOVA. Confidence intervals, limits, and levels are statistical concepts used to examine the accuracy of estimates based on samples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    67 views20 pages

    CHEM-205 Analytical Chemistry-I: Anova

    Uploaded by

    Tanya Dilshad
    The document discusses hypothesis testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It begins by defining key elements of hypothesis testing such as the null and alternative hypotheses. It explains that the null hypothesis states the assumption being tested, usually with an equal sign, while the alternative is the opposite. P-values are calculated by comparing a test statistic to its distribution under the null hypothesis. ANOVA compares group means and sources of variation between and within groups. It provides an example ANOVA table and uses a cooking oil experiment to demonstrate a one-way ANOVA. Confidence intervals, limits, and levels are statistical concepts used to examine the accuracy of estimates based on samples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    ANOVA

    CHEM-205 Analytical Chemistry-I

    BS(Hons) Semester-4

    Dr. Muhammad Zubair


    Department of Chemistry, UOG
    Hypothesis Testing and ANOVA
    Key elements of hypothesis testing

    Review of common of sample tests

    Introduction to ANOVA
    What is Hypothesis Testing?
    The intent of hypothesis testing is formally is to examine
    two opposing estimations, H0 and HA
     
    These two hypotheses are mutually exclusive and exhaustive so that one
    is true to the exclusion of the other

    We collect and analyze sample information –


    for the purpose of determining which of the two hypotheses is true and
    which is false
    Null and Alternative Hypothesis
     

    Null hypothesis, (H0)


     States the assumption (numerical) to be tested
     Begin with the assumption that the null hypothesis is TRUE
     Always contains the ‘=’ sign
     

    Alternative hypothesis(Ha)
     Is the opposite of the null hypothesis
     Challenges the status quo
     Never contains just the ‘=’ sign
     Is generally the hypothesis that is believed to be true by the researcher
    P-Value
    Calculate a test statistic in the sample data that is relevant to the tested hypothesis

    After calculating a test statistic we convert this to a P-value by comparing its value
    to distribution of test statistic’s under the null hypothesis
      
    Measure of how likely the test statistic value is under the null hypothesis
     
    P-value ≤ α ⇒ Reject H0 at level α P-value > α ⇒ Do not reject H0 at level α

    α it may be 0.05at 95% CI


    CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
     
     
     
     
     

    Confidence interval: an interval of reasonable values for the


    parameter being estimated, where degree of plausibility specified
    by a “confidence level”

      Interpreting a 95% CI

    We calculate a 95% CI for a hypothetical sample mean to be


    between 20.6 and 35.4. Does this mean there is a 95%
    probability the true population mean is between 20.6 and 35.4?
    One-Way ANOVA
    Simplest case is for One-Way (Single Factor) ANOVA

    The outcome variable is the variable you’re comparing

    The factor variable is the categorical variable being used to define the groups

    We will assume k samples (groups)

    The one-way is because each value is classified in exactly one way  

    ANOVA easily generalizes to more factors


    General ANOVA table
    Source of df Sum of     MS   F  

     
    Variation  
       
    Squares  
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

          SSTG
     

     
     

     
    SSTG  

     
     

    k 1
         
     

    SSTG
     

                 

    Group k-1  
     
     
     
    k 1  
     
     
     
     
     
    SSTE    

    N k
     

                           

                               

       
    SSTE          
    SSTE
     

                     

    Error N-k   N k            

                               

    Total N-1 SST                      

                               
    Cooking oil Mean±SD Predictor equation a+bx+E

    K-1 140.63±91.29 33.48+0.64 (Temperature)+24.67

    K-2 99.26±71.14 15.07+0.63 (Temperature)+12.34

    K-3 117.52±68.54 35.80+0.48 (Temperature)+25.65

    K-4 110.30±65.10 32.40+0.46 (Temperature)+23.53

    K-5 155.05±107.34 29.95+0.74 (Temperature)+24.74

    Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit  

    Between Groups 7958.38 4 1989.60 0.30 0.88 3.47  

    Within Groups 70523.09 10 7052.31  

    Total 78481.48 14  
    Confidence intervals, limits, and levels
    QUESTIONs
    Could you explain the difference between confidence intervals, limits, and levels?
    How are these statistics calculated?
    When are they generally used?

    ANSWERs
    Once again, in preparing to answer this seemingly easy question, I discovered that the
    answer is a bit more complex than I at first thought. To explain what I found, I will have to address
    the following sub-questions:

    1. What are standard errors?


    2. How are these standard error statistics calculated?
    3. What are confidence intervals, confidence limits, confidence levels, etc.?
    What Are Standard Errors?
    To understand these various confidence concepts, it is necessary to first understand that, when we
    calculate any statistic based on a sample, it is an estimate of something else. Thus when we
    calculate the sample mean (M), that statistic is an estimate of the population mean (μ); when we
    calculate a reliability estimate for a set of test scores, it is an estimate of the proportion of true
    score variance accounted for by those scores; and when we use regression to predict one student’s
    score on Test Y from their score on Test X, it is simply an estimate of what their actual score might
    be.
    However, estimates are just that, estimates. Thus they are not 100% accurate. The issues of
    standard errors and confidence are our statistical attempts to examine the inaccuracy of our
    estimates; this inaccuracy is also known as error. All statistics are estimates and all statistics have
    associated errors.
    The mean of a sample on some measured variable is an estimate as are the standard deviation, th
    variance, any correlations between that variable and others, means comparisons statistics (e.g., t-
    test, F-ratio, etc.), frequency comparisons (e.g., chi-square), and so forth. We can estimate the
    magnitude of the errors for any of these statistics by calculating the standard error for whatever
    statistic is involved. We then interpret the standard error in probability terms, which is where
    confidence intervals, limits, and levels come in.
    What Are Confidence Intervals, Confidence Limits, Confidence Levels,

    The confidence intervals, limits, and


    levels that you asked about in your
    question, all have to do with the next
    step after you have the standard error
    calculated.
    confidence interval
    Coming back to the terminology, a confidence
    interval is the “range of values of a sample
    statistic that is likely (at a given level of
    probability, called a confidence level) to contain a
    population parameter.
    The interval that will include the population
    parameter a certain percentage (confidence level)
    of the time in the long run (over repeated
    sampling)”
    confidence level
    In contrast, a confidence level is the degree of confidence, or certainty,
    that the researcher wants to be able to place in the confidence interval.
    Put another way, the confidence level is the probability that the
    parameter being estimated by the statistic falls within the confidence
    interval.

    The confidence level is usually expressed as a percentage, but it can also


    take the form of a proportion (which is also sometimes called a
    confidence coefficient).
    confidence limits
    the confidence limits (also known as confidence
    bounds), are simply the “The upper and lower values of
    a confidence interval, that is, the values defining the
    range of a confidence interval”
    So in a case where the ±2 se confidence interval turns
    out to be 47.98 to 54.02 for the 95% confidence level,
    the confidence limits are 47.98 and 54.02.
    EXAMPLE
    The Raw Data
    Here are the raw data from the three groups (6 values in Group 1,
    and 5 each in Groups 2 and 3).
    Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

    3 4 9
    1 3 7
    3 5 8
    2 5 11
    4 4 9
    3
    SUM of Square
    Summary of data set
    Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Totals

    Sum of X 16 21 44 81

    Sum of X2 48 91 396 535

    n 6 5 5 16

    Mean 2.67 4.20 8.80

    SS 5.33 2.80 8.80


    ANOVA Table

    Source df SS MS F

    Between 2 108.00 54.00 41.46

    Within 13 16.93 0.30  

    Total 15 124.94  

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