SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY

Learning Outcomes:
1. explain the historical timeline of science and technology;
2. analyze the difference between the different periods
involved in the development of Science and Technology;

3. synthesize and create their own definition of Science and

Technology
To know that we know what we know, and to know that
we do not know what we know, that is true knowledge.
-Nicolaus Copernicus
Development in the field of science has helped humans to
have a better life.

Advancement in technology made the lives of the people

much easier by developing new machines that helped the
way of living of humans effortless.
•To know that we know what
we know, and to know that
we do not know what we
know, that is true knowledge
• In combination,
1. Science and technology transformed the lives of humans.
2. It helps provide growth in the field of medicine,
transportation, engineering and even entertainment that
until today people are benefiting from it.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS

Ancient Period
Modern human
 used stones as tools
• Flint Tools
• Thousands of years ago, people made tools and weapons with flint,
a common stone. Breaking the flint made sharp edges that could be
used for carving wood, hunting, or harvesting food.

 learned how to shape stones to make efficient tools

@ people use them to fashion weapons and other
artifacts from bones, antler, and wood.

Artifacts ->
 Arctic peoples of the early aboriginal
Thule culture made many kinds of tools
from stone, bone, ivory, and antler. The
Thule culture developed between 1,100
and 400 years ago and was based around
the hunting of whales, seals, walrus, and
caribou, as well as fishing. One Thule
technological innovation was the use of
harpoon heads that were attached by lines
to floats of sealskin.

Lithic Casting Lab

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2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved.
 capture fire from natural resources such as wild fires

@ rubbing two sticks

@ LATER heat generated by friction or sparks from
stones
@ concentrating the sun’s heat
 DEVELOPMENT OF S&T DURING THE
ANCIENT PERIOD
• EUROPE
Homo erectus, or “upright man,”
• Ca 750,000 fire is used by Homo
erectus had a larger brain, flatter face,
and taller body than earlier
human species. Anthropologists
believe that Homo erectus
probably evolved in Africa and
then spread to Asia. It lived from
about 1.8 million years ago to as
recently as 30,000 years ago.
 ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used
 ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and
Saharan Africa. People in Southern Europe use sewing
needles made from bone.
 ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.
 ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
 ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth
from gold
Wooden bow and
arrow
• THE AMERICAS
 ca 8500 North Americans make stone arrowheads
 ca 8000 The Folson people living on eastern side of the
Rocky Mountains develop sophisticated tools.
 ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
 ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flint tools.
 ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their crops.
 ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds.
 ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human
heads.
ASIA AND OCEANIA
 ca 11,000 The earliest-known clay pots are made in Japan.
 ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
 ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
 ca 3500 the plow is invented in both China and
Mesopotamia.
 ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
 ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
 ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.
 ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.
 ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a
comet.
 ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.
 ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper
made from bark.
 ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in
India.
 ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.
 Africa and the Middle east
 ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools.
 ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begin chipping flakes off stone to sharpen for tools.
 ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus use antlers to create tools for cutting &drilling.
 ca 15,000 in Africa, bone harpoons(barbed spears) are used for
fishing.
 ca 10,000 People in Palestine build houses from sun- dried bricks.
 ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia.
 ca 600 The world’s first known city is built by the people of Catal
Huyuk in Anatolia (modern Turkey).
       
Harpoons
A harpoon is a barbed spear used to hunt large fish and whales.
When attached to a line, such as the harpoon pictured here, top, a
harpoon can be fastened to a boat or a flotation device, making it
easier for whale hunters to track their fleeing prey. Varying barb
designs make harpoons more effective. The toggled barb design
shown here, bottom, was introduced in 1848 by American © Microsoft Corporation. All
Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ®
blacksmith Lewis Temple. The barb rotates into a T-shape when 2009. © 1993-2008
Microsoft Corporation. All

pulled back, lodging it firmly into a whale’s flesh. rights reserved.

 ca 6000 The world’s first known city is built in Anatolia.
 ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day calendar.
 ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia.
 ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.
 ca 3000 T he Sumerians introduce a 360-day calendar.
 ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Gawari River.
 ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids.
 ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.
 ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets.
 ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in
Mesopotamia.
 ca 2000 Babylonian mathematics introduce a positional number
system.
 ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the “Pythagorean
Theorem.
 ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of planets and stars.
 ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and medications.
 ca 1350 the symptoms of leprosy are described in Egyptian text.
 ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile River to the Red
Sea.
 ca1000 The Phoenicians develop alphabet.
 ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation system to water
crops.
 MEDIEVAL PERIOD (500-1400)

It is also known as a “Dark Age”.

One of the creative periods in the history of human

The start of the first industrial revolution

There was very little evidence that will support during the periods
500 &1400.


the year immediately after the fall of Rome

period of readjustment – the society was concerned with keeping
peace and empire building than nurturing centers of learning

Charlemagne – medieval emperor, tried to establish a scholastic
tradition and the later Middle Ages saw advancements in the
philosophy of science and the refinement of the scientific method.
 SCHOLASTICISM – acted as a nucleus for the
Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
The time for discovering great new inventions in science and
technology.

 INVENTIONS
. vertical windmill
. spectacles
. mechanical clocks
. greatly improved water mills
. building techniques (Gothic style three-field- crop
rotation)
A mechanical clock
Gothic style
Early Printing Press
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg
around 1450, the printing press
made the mass publication and
circulation of literature possible.
Derived from the presses farmers
used to make olive oil, the first
printing press used a heavy screw
to force a printing block against
the paper below. An operator
worked a lever to increase and
decrease the pressure of the
block against the paper.
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 RENAISSANCE
• Renaissance – period of rebirth as age of preparation for the
17th century scientific development and achievements
• Technology of printing books & other documents – helped the rapid
spread of knowledge and information as well as preservation of
culture.
• Wood printing and papermaking originated from China
• Connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history.
• Printing with movable type – is one of the biggest discoveries in the
whole human history, triggered by the demand for perfect
reproductions of text and the renewed focus on studying them
Bibles , secular books, printed music were made in
larger amount and reach more people.
Without the printing press communication
revolution would not happen and it would not
transform the condition of life.
Communication revolution greatly made an impact
in human opportunities for enlightenment and
pleasure and created unimaginable possibilities for
manipulation and control on the other.
Nicolaus Copernicus- a Polish Mathematician
and Astronomer
 presented the theory of heliocentric
 His book was banned by the Catholic
Church

 Galileo Galilei was persecuted because of

his scientific experiments.
- improved the telescope, discovered new
celestial bodies and found support for a
heliocentric solar system.
 He conducted motion experiments on pendulums
and falling objects that paved the way for Newton’s
discoveries about gravity.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 It is the phenomenal process in the transfer of
doing work by human hands and feet to the use
of machines.
 It began in Great Britain and spread across
Europe, America, and Asia from 1760 to 1840.
 Oneof the major setbacks
Skilled workers were set aside because
operation of new machines were used.

 Three important technologies that formed the

foundations of the first Industrial Revolution
 Iron production
 Steam engine
 Textiles

 Steam engine was used to run machines.

Henry Maudslay & Joseph Whitworth
developed and refined machine tools
Greatest inventions during this period:
 Steam boat invented by Robert Fulton that
used one of James Watt’s engines.
 light bulb invented by Thomas Edison
 telephone patented by Alexander Graham
Bell
 First steam-powered locomotive
•The INVENTION OF THE STEAM
ENGINE around 1700 led to the
Industrial Revolution. Inventors
made many new machines that were
powered by STEAM ENGINES.
They invented locomotives,
steamboats, and all kinds of factory
machines.
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Steam Locomotive
Engine No. 44, a Baldwin 2-8-0
steam locomotive engine built in
1921, has two wheels on the
leading truck, eight driving
wheels, and no trailing truck. The
engine works on the Georgetown
Loop Railroad and formerly ran in
Central America. Diesel-electric
locomotives began to replace
steam locomotives in the 1930s
and 1940s.
 19th CENTURY
WITNESS THE RISE OF THE MODERN
INDUSTRY FROM 1801 – 1900
Second industrial revolution
Inventions of electricity, steel, petroleum products
The age of machine tools
Great progress in science
•John Dalton(1766-1844) – published his atomic
theory in 1803
- studied color blind
• Dmitri Mendeleev(1834-1907) formulated the periodic table
• Hermann von Helmholtz(1834-1907)
• formulated the law of Conservation of Energy in 1847
• Invented the ophthalmoscope

•James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) - showed that light is an

• electromagnetic wave in 1873 and was proved
• by Heinrich Hertz(1857-1894) in1888.

•Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity in

1896
• Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-
1906) – discovered radium in 1898
• Joseph Thomson – discovered the electron in 1897.
• Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric
current in a wire caused a nearby compass needle
to move in 1819.
• Michael Faraday(1791-1867) showed that a magnet
can produce electricity and in 1831 he invented
the dynamo
• Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph in
1837.
• Karl Benz & Gottlieb Daimler made the first cars in
1885 and 1886.
• The steamship revolutionized travelling at sea
It used to take several weeks to cross the
Atlantic(1815).
In 1838, a steamship, Sirius, made the
journey across the Atlantic in 19 days.

At the end of the 19th century the

steam turbine was used on ships.
 20 CENTURY
th

 the rise of electronic computing and jet engine

 radio and telephone enriched greatly
 mobile phones became affordable

 Technology has become more scientific and the

natural sciences more technological.
 Creation of personal computer
 Computer has become the dominant tool in the
global economy
 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak introduced
Apple in 1976.

 In 1969 internet was created for defense

research known as ARPANet or Advanced
Research Project Agency Network
 World Wide Web(www) was created in 1989
 Henry Ford devised a system of mass production
for the Model T in 1908
 invention of Artificial Intelligence(AI)