Septic Tank

DOMESTIC SEWAGE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK PIT
- AR.DEEP PANDAV
WHY DO WE NEED A SEWER SYSTEM?
• The waste water generated in the house from kitchen, bathroom as
well as WC has to be disposed. If it is disposed in open it not only
creates unhygienic conditions, foul odors but also invites epidemics
and diseases.
• Normally in well planned cities the municipal infrastructure will have
centralized sewerage network where you can connect the waste
water to the municipal sewerage system.
HOME/BUSINESS SEWAGE
SEWER PIPE WATERWAYS TREATMENT PLANT
WASTEWATER
RAINWATER/STORM NO TREATMENT
STORM WATER PIPE WATERWAYS
WATER REQUIRED
WHAT IS A SEPTIC TANK?
• A septic tank is an underground chamber made of bricks ,concrete,
fiberglass or plastic through which domestic wastewater (sewage)
flows for basic treatment by means of anaerobic bacterial reactions
which reduces the solid wastes and organics efficiently.
WHO HAS A SEPTIC TANK SYSTEM?

• In rural areas where houses are spaced so far apart that a sewer system
would be too expensive to install, people install their own,
private sewage treatment plants.
• A septic tank is a key component of the septic system or sewer system.
WORKING OF A SEPTIC TANK
• SEPTIC TANK IS SLUDGE DIGESTION CUM SEDIMENTATION TANK
WITH LARGE DETENTION TIME.
• IT IS SUITABLE FOR A POPULATION OF UPTO 300.
• THE SEPTIC TANK IS A BURIED WATER TIGHT CONTAINER
USUALLY MADE OF BRICK MASONARY , CONCRETE, FIBREGLASS
OR POLYETHYLENE.
• ITS JOB IS TO HOLD THE WASTEWATER LONG ENOUGH TO
ALLOW SOLIDS TO SETTLE DOWN TO THE BOTTOM (CALLED
SLUDGE) , WHILE THE OIL AND GREASE FLOAT TO THE TOP
(CALLED SCUM)
ADVANTAGES:
• EASE IN CONSTRUCTION.
• NO MAINTAINANCE PROBLEM ( EXCEPT PERIODICAL CLEANING ).
• COST OF CONSTRUCTION IS LESS.
• EFFLUENT CAN BE DISCHARGED EFFICIENTLY.
• IT IS SUITABLE FOR ISOLATED COMMUNITY.
• VERY LESS ATTENTION AND BASIC SKILLED LABOUR IS REQUIRED.
DISADVANTAGES:
• IF SEPTIC TANK IS NOT FUNCTIONING PROPERLY , THE EFFLUENT WILL BE VERY FOUL AND DARK.
• LEAKAGE OF GASES FROM TOP COVER OF SEPTIC TANK MAY CAUSE BAD SMELLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION.
• PERIODICAL CLEANING , REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE IS A TEDIOUS PROCESS.
• SIZE REQUIRED IS LARGE FOR LARGER COMMUNITIES.
• PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO NUISANCE.
• PROBLEM OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION.
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT:
• SOAK PIT
• DISPERSION TRENCHES
• SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION
• LEACHING CESS-POOLS
• TREATED IN TRICKLING FILTERS
• RECYCLE
SOAK PIT
WHAT IS A SOAK PIT ?
• A soak pit is a covered , porous walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak
into the ground.
• Pre-settled effluent from septic tank is discharged to the underground chamber
from where it infiltrates into the surrounding soil.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
• AT LEAST 25-30 M AWAY FROM A WELL OR OTHER
DRINKING WATER SOURCE.
• AT LEAST 5 M FROM THE NEAREST BUILDING.
• AT LEAST 10-20 M FROM SOAKAGE PIT.
• AT LEAST 1.5 M SHALL BE KEPT BETWEEN THE
BOTTOM OF THE TANK TO THE SEASONAL GROUND
WATER TABLE.
• ADEQUATE CONTACT AREA WITH THE SURROUNDING
SOIL TO ABSORB THE EFFLUENT INTO THE SOIL.
• ADEQUATE OPENINGS SHALL BE LEFT IN THE WALLS
OF THE PIT FOR SMOOTH DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT.
CALCULATIONS FOR SEPTIC TANK:
GIVEN DATA:
No. Of Persons : 100
Water supply : 135 L/person/day
Period of Desludging : 02 yrs
Sludge/Scum accumulation rate: 40 L / person / year
STEP 01:
VOLUME OF LIQUID ENTERING THE TANK PER DAY
A=Pxq A = 100 X 135 = 13,500 LITRES
Where, P = no. of persons
q = daily water consumption per person
STEP 02:
VOLUME OF SLUDGE AND SCUM ENTERING THE TANK
B=PxNxS B = 100 X 2 X 40 = 8,000 LITRES
Where, P = no. of persons
N = period of desludging
S = sludge and scum accumulation rate
STEP 03:
TOTAL VOLUME OF THE TANK
T = A + B (in ltrs.) T = 13500 + 8000 = 21,500 LITRES
Convert,
T/1000 = T in m3 T = 21500/1000 = 21.5 m3
TOTAL AREA OF THE SEPTIC TANK : 21.5 m3
STEP 04:
T = length x breadth x height
21.5 = L x B x H
Assuming , height = 1.50 m , breadth = B , length = 3B
21.5 = 3B x B x 1.5
21.5 = 4.5B2
B2 = 4.77
B = √4.77
B = 2.18 = 2.20 mtr
L = 3B = 3 x 2.20 = 6.60 mtr
DIMENSIONS OF THE SEPTIC TANK : 6.60 M x 2.20 M x 1.80 M ( FREEBOARD = 0.30 M)
CALCULATIONS FOR SOAK PIT:

WASTE WATER COMING OUT OF SEPTIC TANK = 80% X T = 21500 X 0.8 = 17,200 L
Assume , PERCOLATION RATE = 1500 / M3 / DAY
VOLUME OF SOAK PIT = 17200/1500 = 11.46 m3
DEPTH TAKEN = 2.50 M
AREA OF SOAK PIT = 11.46/2.5 = 4.58 Sq.mt
A = (π/4) x D2
4.58 = 0.78 x D2
D = √5.87 = 2.42 m = approx. 2.40 m IN DIAMETER
SOAK PIT:

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DOMESTIC SEWAGE

WHO HAS A SEPTIC TANK SYSTEM?

DIMENSIONS OF THE SEPTIC TANK : 6.60 M x 2.20 M x 1.80 M ( FREEBOARD = 0.30 M)

CALCULATIONS FOR SOAK PIT:

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