Workshop Assignment: By: Sneha Motghare Div: B Roll No:26 Batch:2 Taught By: Vilas Sir

Workshop assignment
By : Sneha Motghare
DIV : B ROLL NO :26 BATCH:2
Taught by : Vilas sir
Contents
• Introduction to carpentry
• Working principle
• Industrial examples
• Latest trends
• conclusion
Carpentry
INTRODUCTION
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the
primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and
installation of building materials during the construction
of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork,
etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood
and did the rougher work such as framing, but today
many other materials are also used[1] and sometimes the
finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are
considered carpentry.
Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam
buildings until the end of the 19th century;
now this old fashioned carpentry is called
timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade
by being employed through an apprenticeship
training—normally 4 years—and qualify by
successfully completing that country's
competence test in places such as the United
Kingdom, the United States, Canada,
Switzerland, Australia and South Africa.[3] It
is also common that the skill can be learned
by gaining work experience other than a
formal training program, which may be the
case in many places.
Working principle
• Carpentry requires training which involves both acquiring knowledge and
physical practice.
• Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been
prepared by splitting (riving), hewing, or sawing with a pit saw or sawmill
called lumber (American English) or timber (British English). Today natural
and engineered lumber and many other building materials carpenters may
use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site.
• Tasks performed by carpenters include installing "...flooring, windows,
doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding,
flooring, insulation, ...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal
framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or
factory-produced materials, ...trim and molding ,... ceiling treatments, ...
exposed columns and beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs,
metal lath, and drywall.
Materials Used in Carpentry:
Basic materials used in carpentry shop are timber and plywood. Auxiliary materials used
are nails, screws,
adhesives, paints, varnishes, etc.
Timber: Timber is the name given to wood obtained from exogenous (outward growing)
trees. In these trees, the growth is outward from the centre, by adding almost concentric
layers of fresh wood every year known asannual rings.
After the full growth, these trees are cut and sawed to convert into rectangular sections of
various sizes for engineering purposes.
Timber is available in market in various shapes and size. The common shapes and sizes an:
given below:
1. Log: This is the trunk of die tree which is tree from branches.
2. Balk: This is the log after sawing roughly to square cross section.
3. Deal: This is the log after sawing into rectangular cross section of width about 225 mm and
thickness up to 100 mm.
4. Plank: This is the timber piece having width more than 275 mm and thickness 50 lo 150 mm.
5. Board: This is the timber piece below 50 mm in thickness and above 125 mm in width,
6. Batten: This is the timber piece below 175 mm in width and thickness between 30 mm to 50
mm
in thickness.
7. Scantlings: These are timber pieces of various assorted and nonstandard sizesother than
the types
seasoning
Seasoning of wood carried out for removing the sap and
reducing the moisture content the presence of sap and
moisture will render the wood unsuitable for engineering
works due to uneven shrinkage,crack, wrapping and decay.
Different methods of seasoning
1. Air seasoning or Natural seasoning
2. Water seasoning
3. Electrical seasoning
4. Kiln seasoning
Air seasoning : In air seasoning, the boards are stacked and divided by
narrow pieces of wood called stickers so that the air can circulate freely
about each board. The stack is slanted to facilitate drainage of rain.
Water seasoning : Water seasoning is the process in which timber is

immersed in water flow which helps to remove the sap present in the timber.
It will take 2 to 4 weeks of time and after that the timber is allowed to dry.
Electrical seasoning : In the method of electrical seasoning timber is
subjected to high frequency alternating currents. ... When the required
resistance is reached seasoning, process is stopped because resistance of
timber increases by reducing moisture content in it. It is also called as rapid
seasoning and it is uneconomical.
Kiln seasoning : In dry-kiln seasoning, the wood is placed in a

structure in which heat, humidity, and air circulation are carefully
controlled by fans and steam pipes. As adjuncts to air and kiln
seasoning, salt or urea may be impregnated into wood to make it
season more easily.
PLYWOOD
Thick sheet formed by pasting veneers of wood is called ply. Three or more plys joined by glues is
called plywood. The grains of adjacent layers are kept at right angle to each other in order to get
better strengthening both directions the outer layer are called facing plys and good hard wood veneers
are used for this inner ones are called core plys and low quality wood is used for this the ply wood is
made by either cold pressing or hot pressing.
Tools for wood working
The principle hand tools used in a carpentry workshop can be classified into
i) Marking and measuring tool
ii) Cutting tool
iii) Planning tool
iv) Boring tool
v) Striking tool
vi) Holding tool
Marking and measuring tool
a) Rules :Rules are used for measuring dimensions. For measuring and setting out dimensions various
types of rules are used in carpentry shop. Steel RuleStainless Steel Rule of length 30cm and 60cm.
Flexible Measuring Rulefor measuring large dimensions as well as curved or angular surface dimensions.
b) Straight Edge and Squares :This is a machined flat piece wood or metal having perfectly straight and
parallel edges.
c) Steel Tape: It is used for large dimensions, such as marking on boards and checking the overall
dimensions of the work.
d) Gauges :Gauges are used to mark lines parallel to the edges of a wooden piece. It mainly consists of
a wooden stem sliding inside a wooden stock. The stem carries a steel point for marking lines. The
stock position on the stem can be varied and fixed rigidly by tightening the thumb screw
c) Try square
Try square consists of rectangular steel blade fixed rigidly to cast iron stock. The length of blade varies from 150mm to
300mm.
d) Marking Knife or Scriber : Marking Knives are used to convert the pencil lines drawn on the wooden surface into deep
scratch lines on the surface. They are made of steel with a sharp point at one end and flat blade at the other end.
Bevel Square: it is also called sliding level. It is an adjustable try-square used
for measuring/marking angles between 00
and 1800
Holding tools
Work Bench
This is a table of having size and raised construction made of hard wood.
The size ranges from 50- 80 cm in length and about 90cm in width. Two
or four carpenters can work at a time on the work
bench.
Cutting tools
a) Saws
Saw is a cutting tool which has teeth on one
edge and cutting is affected by reciprocating
motion of the edge relative to the work
piece. Cutting occurs during the forward
motion; such a saw is called
push type saw, the cutting occurs during the
backward motion.
i. Hand Saw- This saw is used for
short straight cuts. It has a blade of 25-
40cm length 6-remove large quantity of
wood. These chisels have width of about
15mm but the blade thickness may range
from 6- 15mm
10cm width. The number of teeth per cm
length ranges from 3-5.
ii. Tenon Saw (Back Saw)- It has a
parallel blade of 25-40cm length and 6-
10cm width. The
number of teeth per cm length ranges from
Planing tool :
Metal Jack Plane : It
serves the same purpose as the
wooden jack plane but facilitates
a smoother operations and better
finish. The body of a metal jack
plane is made from a grey iron
casting with the side and sole
machined and ground to
better finish.
DRILLING AND BORING
TOOLS:
a) Bradawl: It is a hand operated
tool, used to bore
small holes for starting a screw or
large nail.
b) Carpenters brace: it is
used for rotating auger bits, twist
drills, etc., to produce holes in wood.
In some designs, braces are made
with ratchet device.
c) Auger bit: it is the most

common tool used for making holes
in wood. During drilling, the lead
screw of the bit guides into the
wood, necessitating only moderate
Industrial examples
Industries rely on machinery in order to accomplish their tasks. There are various kinds of machinery
for use in this regard. Examples include power machines, metalworking machinery, punching machines
and shearing machines among others. Another important component of machinery includes Carpentry.
Woodworking machines trace their origins to 18th century England. They were important tools in the
production of furniture. People also used them to make things such as, carts, wagons, axles, yokes and
wheels. Currently, there are different categories of woodwork machinery for industrial use. Examples
of woodworking machinery include:
Jointers: Jointers are woodworking machines that flattens and straightens the edges of wood boards.
Various industries also use it to smoothen bottom of the wood board. This allows the board to mover
accurately through planers. The structure of a jointer comprises an infeed table that is movable.
Jointers also come embedded with outfeed tables and spinning heads.
Table saws : Table saws consist of adjustable arbors with motors. They must also have a blade, fence
and flat table for them to work properly. The functions of table saws majorly center on ripping and
cross-cutting wood boards. In the former’s case, industries cut the wood boards along their grains. This
is the opposite case in cross-cutting, which involves cutting across the board’s grain.
Shapers :As their name suggests, shapers are woodworking machinery that bring shapes to timber. In
conjunction with cutters, they are appropriate for manufacturing accents for Australian crown
moldings or furniture.
Chisel mortisers and chains : These woodworking machines are relevant when producing
precise holes on pieces of wood. They have the ability to control the hole’s depth as per the desired
measurement.
Latest trends
The top three emerging trends
driving the global woodworking
machines market heavy industry
research analysts are:
Automation in woodworking
machinery
Increase in demand for
prefabricated wood house
Robotic woodworking machines
Conclusion
Carpentry is more of an art. The beautiful way of carving furniture has
been in existence since the Stone Age when science and technology
weren’t even born yet human being with their innovations carved out
beautiful sculptures with hand. Carpentry nowadays has entered into
the machine world where carpenters use machines to design and build
an item. It’s a term associated more with wooden items, furniture and
decors. Having the best designed furniture at home can brighten up
the mood of the room every time one enters.
in fact, the carpentry craft is a talented one and anyone that can work
well with their hands may become a carpenter, but having the
experience to carry out any intended work is essential. Carpentry
requires modern and traditional skills that can be carried out manually.
It also requires that any individual carrying out carpentry can read
designs, be it from an individual home or property owner or an
architect. It also requires that they can understand building plans and
work from them accurately.

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Water seasoning : Water seasoning is the process in which timber is

Kiln seasoning : In dry-kiln seasoning, the wood is placed in a

c) Auger bit: it is the most

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