Lect 3
Lect 3
Lect 3
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Sight distance question
How far ahead can you see?
Under the
Horizontal
underpass
curve
Horizontal
Horizontal Horizontal
curve
curve curve
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Sight distance question
How far ahead can you see?
Vertical curve
Horizontal curve
SD
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Stopping Sight Distance
• Stopping sight distance is defined
as the distance needed for drivers
to see an object on the roadway
ahead and bring their vehicles to
safe stop before colliding with the
object.
Stopping Sight Distance
formulation
SSD=
Two distances
SSD= +
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PIEV or perception-reaction time time
FOUR components - PIEV Process:
• Perception time to see or discern an object or
event
• Intellection time to understand the
implications of the object’s presence or event
• Emotion time to decide how to react
• Volition time to initiate the action, for example,
the time to engage the brakes
FOR DESIGN perception-reaction times = 2.5 SEC
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SSD Equation
𝑉2
𝑆𝑆𝐷 =1.47 𝑉𝑡 +
𝑎
30 ⌊ ∓𝐺 ⌋
32.2
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Stopping Sight distance
at horizontal curves
Pakistan Motorway
𝑀 𝑠=𝑅 𝑣 ¿
Rv 1 Rv M s
SSD cos ( )
90 Rv
Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance
• Height of Driver’s Eye =3.5ft
• Height of Object = 2ft
Stopping Sight Distance & Horizontal Curve
Design
• Adequate sight distance must be provided in
the design of horizontal curves
• Cost of right of way or the cost of moving
earthen materials often restrict design options
• When such obstructions exist, stopping sight
distance is checked and measured along the
horizontal curve from the center of the
traveled lane
Sight Distance Example
Horizontal curve with 2000’ radius; 12’lanes;
60mph design speed. Determine the distance
that must be cleared from the inside edge of
the inside lane to provide sufficient stopping
sight distance.
Sight Distance problems
• Figure below shows the cross-section of road and an
embankments running parallel to the road at a location
where the road alignment is curved. Determine the required
distance to the toe of the slope from the center line of the
lane in order to provide i) minimum Stopping Sight Distance,
ii) minimum Passing Sight Distance. Given: Design Speed, V =
90 km/hr Radius of Curve, R = 1000 m. Consider two lane
cross section with 3m lanes,
1
1
a) 0% grade, b) 3% grade
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Stopping (emergency) –
SSD (Table 3-1)
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SSD Example
Given: Available Sight distance = 430’ on a +3% grade
2
430 feet = 1.47v(2.5 sec) + ________v ________
30({11.2/32.2} + 0.03)
2
430 feet = 3.68u + ________u ________
30(0.378)
Discuss: Would this be an acceptable condition if the road is generally posted for 60 mph?
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SSD Example
Given: Available Sight distance = 430’ on a +3% grade
2
430 feet = 1.47u(2.5 sec) + ________u ________
30({11.2/32.2} + 0.03)
2
430 feet = 3.68u + ________u ________
30(0.378)
Discuss: Would this be an acceptable condition if the road is generally posted for 60 mph?
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Stopping Sight Distance Example
Consider analysis when vehicle skids across different
surfaces (a/g is not equal to 0.35)
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Stopping Sight Distance
S = PRD + Db
2 2
= 1.47vot + vo - vf
30(f ± G)
where:
vo = original velocity
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Stopping Sight Distance Example
Accident Reconstruction:
Average Skid Mark = 47 feet
Crush damage indicates 20 to 30 mph
speed at impact
f = 0.65 (how do they know this?),
level roadway, and 40 mph posted
speed.
Was vehicle speeding?
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SOLUTION Stopping Sight Distance
47-foot skid represents what? BD?
Assuming final speed is 30 mph …
BD = 47 = (Vi2 – 302)/30(0.65 + 0)
Vi = 42.6 mph
40
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Stopping Sight Distance & Horizontal Curve
Design
• Adequate sight distance must be provided in the
design of horizontal curves
• Cost of right of way or the cost of moving earthen
materials often restrict design options
• When such obstructions exist, stopping sight distance
is checked and measured along the horizontal curve
from the center of the traveled lane
Sight distance at an undercrossing and
curved underpasses
Brake reaction distance predicated on a time of 2.5 s; deceleration rate of 3.4 m/s2 [11.2
ft/s2] used to determine calculated sight distance.
SSD on grade
These adjusted sight distance values are computed for wet-pavement conditions using the same design
speeds and brake reaction times used for level roadways in Table1.
Variation for Trucks
• The recommended stopping sight distances are based on
passenger car.
• The larger and heavier truck, need longer stopping distances
from a given speed than passenger vehicles.
BUT
• The truck driver is able to see substantially farther beyond
vertical sight obstructions because of the higher position of
the seat in the vehicle.
Stopping sight distance
Problems
What is sight distance?
• Sight distance is the length of highway visible to a driver. A
safe sight distance is the distance needed by a driver on an
arterial, or a driver exiting a driveway or street, to verify that
the road is clear and avoid conflicts with other vehicles.
• Sight lines must be kept free of objects which might interfere
with the ability of drivers to see other vehicles. Features such
as hills, curves in the road, vegetation, other landscaping,
signs, and buildings can reduce sight distance.
Braking distance
PROBLEMS
Metric system
SSD in m; v in kmph; t in sec.; f &G unit less
=
Factors governing SSD
v= 20 mph to 80 mph;
or 30 km/h to 120 km/h
BUT
• The truck driver is able to see substantially farther beyond
vertical sight obstructions because of the higher position of
the seat in the vehicle.