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    Chemical Action: Types of Chemical Attack

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    Sunil Kumar
    Chemical attacks like sulfate, alkali-aggregate reaction, and chlorides can deteriorate concrete through volume change, cracking, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Specifically: - Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with hydration products, increasing volume up to 227% and damaging high w/c ratio concrete. Controlling with sulfate resisting cement and minimizing w/c is important. - Alkali-aggregate reaction involves alkalis from cement reacting with reactive silica aggregates, forming unlimited swelling gels that crack concrete. It is controlled using low-alkali cement and pozzolans. - Chlorides increase risk of steel corrosion. Limiting chlorides in materials and exposure conditions

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    Chemical Action: Types of Chemical Attack

    Uploaded by

    Sunil Kumar
    60 views14 pages
    Chemical attacks like sulfate, alkali-aggregate reaction, and chlorides can deteriorate concrete through volume change, cracking, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Specifically: - Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with hydration products, increasing volume up to 227% and damaging high w/c ratio concrete. Controlling with sulfate resisting cement and minimizing w/c is important. - Alkali-aggregate reaction involves alkalis from cement reacting with reactive silica aggregates, forming unlimited swelling gels that crack concrete. It is controlled using low-alkali cement and pozzolans. - Chlorides increase risk of steel corrosion. Limiting chlorides in materials and exposure conditions

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    Chemical attacks like sulfate, alkali-aggregate reaction, and chlorides can deteriorate concrete through volume change, cracking, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Specifically: - Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with hydration products, increasing volume up to 227% and damaging high w/c ratio concrete. Controlling with sulfate resisting cement and minimizing w/c is important. - Alkali-aggregate reaction involves alkalis from cement reacting with reactive silica aggregates, forming unlimited swelling gels that crack concrete. It is controlled using low-alkali cement and pozzolans. - Chlorides increase risk of steel corrosion. Limiting chlorides in materials and exposure conditions

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    60 views14 pages

    Chemical Action: Types of Chemical Attack

    Uploaded by

    Sunil Kumar
    Chemical attacks like sulfate, alkali-aggregate reaction, and chlorides can deteriorate concrete through volume change, cracking, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Specifically: - Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with hydration products, increasing volume up to 227% and damaging high w/c ratio concrete. Controlling with sulfate resisting cement and minimizing w/c is important. - Alkali-aggregate reaction involves alkalis from cement reacting with reactive silica aggregates, forming unlimited swelling gels that crack concrete. It is controlled using low-alkali cement and pozzolans. - Chlorides increase risk of steel corrosion. Limiting chlorides in materials and exposure conditions

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Chemical Action

    When we are dealing with durability, chemical attack which results in


    volume change, cracking and consequent deterioration of concrete become a
    major cause of concern.

    Types of Chemical attack

    •Sulphate attack
    •Alkali aggregate reaction
    •Chloride ion attack - Corrosion
    •Carbonation
    •Acid Attack
    •Effect on concrete in Seawater
    1. Sulphate attack
    Sulphate attack denotes an increase in the volume of cement
    paste in concrete or mortar due to chemical action between the
    products of hydration of cement and solution containing
    sulphate, and also sodium, magnesium and Cholorides.
     In hardened concrete, calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) can
    react with sulphate salt from outside, product of reaction is
    calcium sulphoaluminate, which can cause an increase in
    volume up to 227%
     Rate of sulphate attack increases with a saturated sulphate
    solution.
     A saturated solution of magnesium sulphate can cause serious
    damage to concrete with high w/c ratio.
    Sulphate attack
    Methods of controlling sulphate attack
    •Use of SRC (sulphate resisting cement)
    •Quality concrete - low w/c ratio, well designed and
    compacted dense concrete
    •Use of air-entrainment
    •Use of pozzolana
    •High pressure steam curing
    •Use of high alumina cement
    2. Alkali - Aggregate Reaction
    Alkali from cement, reacts with reactive silica (of
    aggregates) to form alkali-silica gel of unlimited
    swelling type.
    • The continuous growth of silica gel exerts osmotic
    pressure within the concrete.
    • This manifests into cracking and bulging of concrete
    Occurrence is due to :
    1. High alkali content in cement (more than 0.6%)
    2. Reactive silica in aggregate
    3. Availability of moisture
    Alkali - Aggregate Reaction
    Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) is basically a chemical
    reaction between the hydroxyl ions in the pore water within
    concrete and certain types of rock minerals
     Since reactive silica in the aggregate is involved in this
    chemical reaction it is often called alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
     It is recognized as one of the major causes of cracking of
    concrete.
    The reaction produces what is called alkali-silica gel of
    unlimited swelling type under favorable conditions of moisture
    and temperature.
     The crack width can range from 0.1mm to as much as 10mm.
    Alkali - Aggregate Reaction
    Alkali content (K2O and Na2O) or what is called soda
    equivalent.
     This is calculated as the actual Na2O content plus
    0.658 times the K2O content of the clinker.
    It should be less than 0.6 percent by mass of cement.
    Alkalis from all these sources must be included in
    finding the total alkalis.
    Alkali - Aggregate Reaction
    Remedial Measures:
    1. Use non-reactive aggregates from alternate sources
    2. Use low-alkali cement
    3. Reduce cement content in concrete
    4. Use of pozzolana, slag or silica fume
    5. Control on service condition, limiting degree of
    saturation of concrete
    3. Chlorides in Concrete
    Chlorides in concrete increases risk of corrosion of
    steel (Electrochemical reaction) (IS 456:2000)
     Higher Chloride content or exposure to warm moist
    conditions increase the risk of corrosion
     To minimize the chances of corrosion, the levels of
    chlorides in concrete should be limited
     Total amount of chloride content (as Cl) in concrete
    at the time of placing is provided by IS 456:2000
    Methods of Controlling Chlorides
    Chlorides in cement to be less than 0.1 % max ( or
    0.05% max for prestressed works)
     Chlorides in water to be less than 2000 mg/ltr for PCC
    and below 500 mg/ltr for RCC
     Chlorides in aggregates are generally not encountered
    but, it’s a good practice to wash sand containing salt
    more than 3%
     Chloride traces are also found in chemical
    admixtures. Chloride free admixtures should be
    generally preferred.
    Effect on concrete in Seawater
    Effect on concrete in Seawater
    Ultrasonic pulse velocity test

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