1. The document discusses the concepts of socialization and enculturation, which refer to the lifelong process through which people acquire their identities and learn the necessary skills and norms to function in society.
2. Key agents of socialization include family, schools, peer groups, religion, mass media, and historical events, which all influence people's values, attitudes, and behaviors.
3. Socialization results in conformity to social norms, while deviations from norms are considered deviant behavior according to sociological theories like strain and labeling theory.
1. The document discusses the concepts of socialization and enculturation, which refer to the lifelong process through which people acquire their identities and learn the necessary skills and norms to function in society.
2. Key agents of socialization include family, schools, peer groups, religion, mass media, and historical events, which all influence people's values, attitudes, and behaviors.
3. Socialization results in conformity to social norms, while deviations from norms are considered deviant behavior according to sociological theories like strain and labeling theory.
1. The document discusses the concepts of socialization and enculturation, which refer to the lifelong process through which people acquire their identities and learn the necessary skills and norms to function in society.
2. Key agents of socialization include family, schools, peer groups, religion, mass media, and historical events, which all influence people's values, attitudes, and behaviors.
3. Socialization results in conformity to social norms, while deviations from norms are considered deviant behavior according to sociological theories like strain and labeling theory.
1. The document discusses the concepts of socialization and enculturation, which refer to the lifelong process through which people acquire their identities and learn the necessary skills and norms to function in society.
2. Key agents of socialization include family, schools, peer groups, religion, mass media, and historical events, which all influence people's values, attitudes, and behaviors.
3. Socialization results in conformity to social norms, while deviations from norms are considered deviant behavior according to sociological theories like strain and labeling theory.
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SPRING BOARD
Why do you like or
dislikes these things? What are your Indicate the people, likes and group, or dislikes? organization that influenced you the most in liking or disliking this things. SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION John Locke, a British Enlightenment philosopher, said that the human mind at birth is nothing but blank slate, or tabula rasa. a t is S o c i al i z a ti o n ? Wh Socialization refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in society. It prepares newcomers to become members of an existing group through the adoption of values and behavior that are considered appropriate by group. Socialization is also important in politics, and a citizen develops and acquires political ideas, values, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions through political socialization, a process which enables the development of citizens to function effectively within a particular position. Process of Socialization • Enables a person to gradually become a self-aware and knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways, values, rules, and culture of his or her society. • Was equated with “civilization”. • Was tantamount to “taming” individualists so that they would willingly cooperate with others on common goals and conform to socially acceptable ways of behaving. • Sociologists suggest combining the perspectives of functionalism and interpretivism and incorporate them in the analysis of other aspects of social life. Internalization refers to the process of accepting the social norms, attitudes, roles, and values transmitted by people and social groups within society as one’s own. Interpretivist sociologists, on the other hand see socialization as an interactive process between individuals and other members of society. They engage other members of society in an effort to integrate their own views, beliefs, and ways into society. 3 Significant aspects of socialization : • Social Context – refers to the particular circumstances of a society and consists of it’s culture, language, and the social structures that define social class, ethnicity, and gender. • Content – refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior, and other information that are passed on by members of society to the individual; the process refers to the methods of interaction that enable the content to be given to the person undergoing socialization. • Results – refer to the outcomes of socialization, and are evident when individuals begin to practice the behaviors, attitudes, and values that society considers necessary for them to function effectively as members. A significant result of socialization is self-identity, which refers to the establishments of a unique sense of identity and an awareness of how it relates to their society and the world. What is Enculturation • Describe the process of being socialized into a specific culture. • Through enculturation, individuals learn cultural, symbols, norms, values, and language by observing and interacting with family, friends, teachers, and society. • Go hand-in-hand in instilling in the individual the accepted values, norms, and standards of behavior in society through social rules on behavior and laws. • Also impart social status, roles, and identity on members of society. • Occur throughout an individuals’ life from childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age, until death. Education and religion are significant tools of socialization and enculturation. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION These groups are called participants or agents of socialization and enculturation consist of persons, groups, and institutions that teach people essential knowledge to participate successfully in society. 1.The Family – is the primary agent of socialization of an individual upon birth, throughout infancy, and up to childhood. Nuclear family – Mother, Father, and Children Extended Family – Aunts, Uncles, Cousin, and other relatives. Other household like Helpers or Yayas. •Dynamics of the family, it continues to be a primary network for the transmission of values, attitudes and behaviors. •2. Schools – have a critical and active role in socialization, as their values academic and social activities mold students’ beliefs, values, and attitudes. •Public schools – no-fee school, funded and operated by the state. •Private schools – independent schools, non-governmental, privately funded, or non-state schools, not administered by local, state or national governments. •Sectarian and Non-sectarian •Also venues for political socialization. 3. Peer Groups – refer to people who share the same interests or characteristics such as age and social background. • also reinforce acceptable behaviors introduced by the family and school, allow certain degree of independence from family and certain figures of authority, and are also means for socialization and involvement in social and political issues. • Are formed by informal, spontaneous, and voluntary means. • Ex. Boy School, Girl Scouts, and the Young Liberals. 4. Mass Media – includes forms of communication such as books, magazines, newspapers, other print materials, radio, television, and movies. •Source of information regarding events in society; it presents various viewpoints regarding events and developments within society; and it provides entertainment by showcasing other people’s experiences. MODELS OF MASS MEDIA 1. The pluralist model portrays media as an ideological marketplace that enhances debate and electoral choice. Ex. Talk shows, relevant social issues, and live debates. 2. The market model suggests that media reflects the views of the general public, and that media presents what they think the people want. 3. The dominant-ideology and elite-values models, put emphasis on the influence of bias in the activities of media institutions. 4. The dominant-ideology model traces the bias to links between media and the political and social elite. 5. The elite-values model, meanwhile, recognizes media bias as a product of the personal views of media professionals such as journalists, broadcasters, and editors. The influence of media, is lesser among people who have been exposed to more agents of socialization and have a stable set of political and social views. 5. RELIGION AND STATE Considered as the ultimate sources of authority, making the church and government important agents of socialization. • Exerts a great influence on the views of a person, legitimizes accepted social practices, provides stability to society, and can even be sources of social change. The state, participates, in socialization through laws and other regulations that reinforce appropriate behavior, and help form values and attitudes of the citizens. MAJOR SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL EVENTS Can also be significant socializing forces for an entire generation. • Cause transformations in the values, attitudes, and views that define societies, leading to further changes in the behavior and traditions of societies. • Historical events tend to affect individuals and societies differently. • This is the reason why the state is one agent of socialization that takes an interest in defining a cohesive history for its society. Nuclear Family Extended Family School PEER GROUPS
RELIGION AND HISTORICAL EVENTS
CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND SOCIAL CONTROL • Groups exert great influence on an individual’s thoughts, values, attitudes, and behavior. Identification refers to the individual adopting a certain behavior because it enables him or her to have a satisfying relationship with the members of his or her group. Internalization or acceptance involves both public compliance and internal acceptance of the norms and standards imposed by the group. Conformity refers to the process of altering one’s thoughts and actions to adapt to the accepted behavior within his or her group or society. Types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization or acceptance. Compliance refers to the outward conformity to social pressure but privately disagreeing with it. Deviance Deviance is defined as a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members and involves actions that violate commonly held social norms.
Sociologists believe that conformity and deviance are closely tied
concepts, and that social influences such as socioeconomic status and relationships of power define how individuals react to authority and behave in certain situations. Sociologists, Robert Merton, relates deviance to the strain felt by individuals whenever social norms conflict with reality. His structural strain theory argues that the tensions and strains between socially- approved goals an individual’s ability to meet them will lead to deviance, Ex. A construction worker who has been trying to gain employment for months but is unable to do so will have increasing frustration with society. The subcultural view points to the emergence of deviant behavior within certain groups in society or subcultures. This view is related to the labeling theory, which believes that there is actually no deviance in society; deviance only emerges when society begins labeling certain actions as “deviant” or “undesirable”. The conflict perspective, analyzes deviance in the framework or competing interests between social groups and the maintenance of power among the elites. The broken windows theory suggests a direct relationship between social disorder and deviance, and that maintaining even an appearance of order is sufficient to discourage deviance. Social Control and Sanctions Social control is defined as any systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior. Sanctions are most common means of social control, are often employed to address conflicts and violations of social norms. Sanctions can be formal or informal. • Formal sanctions are those provided for by laws and other regulations in society. • Informal sanctions are most commonly imposed by smaller societies, communities, or groups. What i s H u m a n D i gn i t y ? i s H u ma n R i gh t s ? What HUMAN DIGNITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS • Human dignity refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued, respected, and treated well. Human rights are legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human person as deserving of liberties and protections by virtue of his or her human dignity. • Are significant concerns when dealing with socialization and issues on deviance and social control. Socialization primarily aims to instill recognition of and respect for human rights and dignity. • Human rights are founded on natural rights, which are universal and inalienable, and are not contingent on laws, customs, beliefs of values of a particular culture. • Human rights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), drafted by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 1948. • The UDHR gave rise to succeeding conventions on specific human rights issues such as International Convention and Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights. Other nongovernment organizations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , conduct studies that monitor the adherence of countries to the principles and provisions of human rights conventions. • Human rights are also recognized political and social concern and governments address them primarily through the adoption and enforcement of laws. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: • They are universal because they belong to all human beings regardless of race, religion, gender, and other characteristics. • They are fundamental since they cannot be taken away from any human being. • They are indivisible as various rights are interrelated and given equal importance. • They are absolute since they cannot be qualified and are considered basic necessities for living a genuine life.