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    R Satish Kumar: Rgmcet-Nandyal

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    Gopi Ram
    This document discusses electric heating and the design of heating elements. It covers the advantages of electrical heating, modes of heat transfer, materials used for heating elements, reasons for failure, and provides an expression for designing a heating element. Key points include conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer, materials like nickel-chromium alloys being commonly used, and factors like power input, voltage, resistance, length and cross-sectional area being considered in the heating element design expression.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    R Satish Kumar: Rgmcet-Nandyal

    Uploaded by

    Gopi Ram
    33 views21 pages
    This document discusses electric heating and the design of heating elements. It covers the advantages of electrical heating, modes of heat transfer, materials used for heating elements, reasons for failure, and provides an expression for designing a heating element. Key points include conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer, materials like nickel-chromium alloys being commonly used, and factors like power input, voltage, resistance, length and cross-sectional area being considered in the heating element design expression.

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    EE502.13

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    This document discusses electric heating and the design of heating elements. It covers the advantages of electrical heating, modes of heat transfer, materials used for heating elements, reasons for failure, and provides an expression for designing a heating element. Key points include conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer, materials like nickel-chromium alloys being commonly used, and factors like power input, voltage, resistance, length and cross-sectional area being considered in the heating element design expression.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    33 views21 pages

    R Satish Kumar: Rgmcet-Nandyal

    Uploaded by

    Gopi Ram
    This document discusses electric heating and the design of heating elements. It covers the advantages of electrical heating, modes of heat transfer, materials used for heating elements, reasons for failure, and provides an expression for designing a heating element. Key points include conduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transfer, materials like nickel-chromium alloys being commonly used, and factors like power input, voltage, resistance, length and cross-sectional area being considered in the heating element design expression.

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    You are on page 1of 21

    RGMCET-NANDYAL

    Presented by

    R SATISH KUMAR

    1
    KNOWN TO UNKNOWN

    • What is the necessity of heat in our lives

    • What is meant by electric heating

    2
    OBJECTIVES

    Upon completion of this topic you would be able


    to understand
    • important role of heat in everyday life

    3
    Applications

    Domestic Applications
    Room Heaters
    Immersion water heaters
    Gysers
    Electric kettles
    Electric ovens
    Toasters
    Air driers

    Industrial Applications
     Melting of metals
    Annealing, brazing
    Moulding
    Baking industries
    Heat treatment
    Making of plywood
    Enamelling of copper wires
    4
    ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL HEATING
    • Cleanliness : Eliminates the dust and ash

    • High Efficiency

    • No Pollution : No contamination of atmosphere

    • Localized heating.

    • Ease of Control : accurate control of Temperature

    • Uniform heating : the charge is conducting or Non-conducting material

    5
    Contd…

    • Better working conditions : No irritating noise

    • Less floor area is required : Compactness of Electric furnace

    • No carrying expense

    • Low attention : Does not require continuous attention

    6
    Conduction : The process in which heat is transferred from one particle to
    another in direction of fall of temperature without the actual movement of
    particles of medium is called conduction.
    Ex : Heating vessel

    Convection: The process in which heat is transferred from one place to


    another (from hotter to colder) by actual movement of particles of medium
    is called convection.
    Ex: Water Heater and Room Heaters

    Radiation: The process in which heat is transferred from hotter body to


    colder body without heating the medium in between is called radiation.
    EX: Heat from Sun

    7
    Modes of Heat Transfer
    • The Methods of Heat transfer from a hot body are
    • a) Conduction : Conduction takes place in solids ,liquids
    and gasses.
    • b)Convection : Heat is transferred from one point to the
    other point due to motion of molecules .
    • Heat dissipation: H = 3.875 (T1-T2)1.25 w/m2
    • T1 = Temperature of the heating surface (0K)
    • T2 = Temperature of the Air (0K)

    8
    Modes of Heat Transfer
    • c) Radiation : The radiant energy is emitted and absorbed by
    surfaces.
    Heat dissipation: H=5.72Ke [(T1/100)4 – (T2/100)4] w/m2
    T1 = Temperature of source (0K).
    T2 = Temperature of absorbing surface (0K)
    e = emissivity = 0.9, k = radiant efficiency or constant
    = 1 for single element
    = 0.5 to 0.8 several elements.
    • The rise in temperature is “Rt-R0” and the corresponding rise in
    temperature is t°c (t°c - 0°c)
    9
    requirements for good Heating Material

    • The heating Material is required to possess the following


    properties
    • low temperature coefficient of resistance (const resis)
    • Free from Oxidation
    • High melting point
    • Non corrosive
    • Ductile
    • High mechanical strength
    • Economical

    10
    Materials for Heating Elements:

    • The materials normally used as heating


    elements are

    • Nickel-chromium,

    • Nickel-chromium iron,

    • Nickel-chromium aluminum and

    • Nickel-copper.
    11
    Properties of heating elements
    Sl. Type of Alloy Composition commerc Specific Specifi Maximu
    No. ial name resistance at c m
    200C gravity temparat
    ure

    1. Nickel-chromium 80% Ni Nichro 1.03 μΩ-m 8.35 11500C


    20% Cr. me
    Nickel-chromium
    2. Iron 60% Ni 1.06 μΩ-m 8.27 9500C
    16% Cr.
    24% Fe
    Iron chromium Kanthal
    3. Aluminum 65-75% Fe 1.4 μΩ-m 7.2 1150 to
    20-30% Cr. 13500C
    5% Al. Eureka
    Nickel- Copper
    4. 45% Ni 0.49 μΩ-m 8.88 4000C
    55% Cr.
    12
    Reasons for failure of Heating Elements:

    • Formation of hot spots.

    • Oxidation of elements and intermittency of operation.

    • Embrittlement caused by grain growth.

    • Corrosion.

    13
    • ρ= Specific Resistance (Ωm)

    • T1= Absolute Temp of element material (°K)

    • T2= Absolute Temp of the charge (ºK)

    • e = Emissivity = 1 for black body and


    = 0.9 for resistance element
    • K = Radiating efficiency
    = 1 for single element
    = 0.5to 0.8 for many elements

    14
    Design of Heating Element
    Heating element Design for an Electric
    Furnaces to determine the size and length of
    the element

    • P=Power input/phase (watt)

    • V=voltage/phase ( volts)

    • R=Resistance (Ohm)

    • L=length (m)

    • A-area of Cross section (m2)


    15
    H = Heat dissipated( w/m²)

    P = V²/R ( power input )

    Since R = ρl/a

    therefore P= V² /( ρl/a )

    where a= лd²/4

    16
    V2 V2  2 
      d 
    ρl ρl  4 

    4  Pl
    d 2

    d 2

    According to Stefan’s law of heat radiation

     T1  4  T2  4 
    H  5.72ke      Watt / sq.m
     100   100  
    Total Heat dissipated = H * Surface area element

    P = H x πdl
    17
    Summary

    We have discussed about

    • Advantages of electrical heating

    • Modes of heat transfer

    • Design of heating element

    18
    QUIZ

    1.One of the advantages of electrical heating

    a. Uniform heating

    b. Non-Uniform heating

    19
    QUIZ

    2.One of the requirements of good heating element

    • High melting point

    • Low melting point

    20
    Frequently Asked Questions

    1.Derive an expression used to design a heating element?

    21

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