Turkish Invasions

The Turkish Invasions
CHAPTER: 3
Invasions and History:
What does the term ‘invasion’ means?
An Invasion is the movement of an army of a foreign country/king or any other
powerful entity into a particular region/country, usually in form of a hostile attack
that’s a part of a war or conflict.
The World History is full pf descriptions and examples of such conflicts/invasions.

Types of invasions: Invasion through land, air ,sea ,etc.
REASONS- 1. Territorial Expansion 2. Wealth 3. Strategic Location of the
place being Attacked.
Introduction:
The 10th century in India witnessed the arrival of the

Turkish invaders.
These incursions, which began with ruthless raids and

plunder, eventually led to the establishment of new
dynasties in the country.
Situation in India:
 The disintegration/decline of the
Gupta power and Harsha’s
empire in 6th century-led to the
growth of ‘smaller’kingdoms.
 These were ‘regional kingdoms’
and were not All-India empires
 These kingdoms fought among
themselves.
Dynasties ruling in India Between 7th

and 12th centuries
The Turkish Invasions:
 In the Islamic lands, the once powerful
Abbasid empire was on the decline and a
number of independent States emerged.
 These states were ruled by the –TURKS(who
had earlier served the Abbasid Caliphate as
palace guards and mercenaries).
 Turks established two main kingdoms-
GHAZNI & GHOR (situated in present day
Afghanistan)
 Causes – Wealth of India, Internal rivalry
between Indian kingdoms.
The empire of Ghazni before invasion

on India.
The Raid of the ‘Shahi Kingdom’ of
Punjab:
 In 977 CE, Sabuktigin ,seized the region
of Ghazni in Afghanistan and wanted to
expand his territory/kingdom.
 He came into conflict with Jayapala(the
king of the Shai dynasty,Punjab), and
attacked it in 986 CE and 988 CE.
 He annexed some parts of the kingdom.
Sabuktigin and Jayapala face-off in battle

field
Mahmud Of Ghazni:
 Sabuktigin died in 997CE.
 He was succeeded by his eldest son- Mahmud.
 Mahmud – efficient administrator, promising
statesman, pragmatic ruler.
 He expanded his empire far and wide through
series of conquests
 Added Kashmir ,Punjab and major part of Iran to
his empire.
 He swore allegiance to the Abbasid
Caliphate(Baghdad) for political reasons.
Mahmud of Ghazni
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfHbFV8om4o
 Video on Turkish invasion

Mahmud’s Conquests in the Indian
Subcontinent:
Pragmatic Ruler
Enlisted local people into all ranks of his army
 Mahmud wanted to build a large and well –equipped army in order to protect his ever
increasing empire.
 He attacked Indian temple towns to fulfill his monetary needs.
 First large-scale campaign was in 1001 CE.
 He attacked India 17 times during his lifetime.
 Th initial raids were against the Shahi rulers of Peshawar an Punjab.
Extent of Mahmud’s Empire in Indian Sub-continent:
Important
Campaigns of
Mahmud
War against War against

Jayapala Anandapala Other Conquests
(1001 CE) (1008-09 CE)
Mahmud vs Jayapala (1001 CE)
 Jayapala (ruler of Punjab) was

Mahmud’s chief contender.
 Although Jayapala’s army was
superior in number and equipments.
 Eventually,Jayapala’s army fell back
under the onslaught of the Turkish
force and was defeated.
 Jayapala was forced to pay tribute.
Maharaja Jayapala,Shahi Dynasty

Mahmud vs Anandapala(1008-09 CE)
 Anandapala was Jayapala’s son.
 He formed a ‘confederacy’( comprised rulers of Ujjain,Gwalior,Kalinjar,Kanauj,Delhi and Ajmer)
against Mahmud.
 Both faced each other at Waihind( near Peshawar).
 Indian forces-huge in number, consisted of Khokhars( fierce primitive tribe).
 However at a critical juncture, Anandapala’s elephant became agitated and took flight.This made
the rest of the army think that their leader was retreating,so they fled from the battlefield.
 This momentous victory facilitated Mahmud’s advance inti the heart of India.
Other conquests of Mahmud of Ghazni:
Plundered Nagarkot- 1009 CE
Sacked Thanesar -1014 CE
Conquered Mathura-1018 CE
Subdued Kanauj and Meerut .
Attacked Gwalior -1022 CE
Attacked and plundered Somnath Temple in

Kathiawar-most ambitious and profitable expedition.
Mahmud’s return to Ghazni:
Mausoleum of
 In 1026 CE , Mahmud Mahmud,Afghanistan
returned home .
 He was gifted soldier,but he
did not want to establish an
empire in the Indian
Subcontinent.
 His interest lay in ‘territorial
expansion’ in Central Asia.
A painting depicting the Tomb

of Mahmud of Ghazni.
Recapitulation
1.Whom the Turks served as mercenaries before they became powerful?
The Abbasid Caliphate
2. What about India attracted the Turks to invade it?
Its wealth and Strategic Location.
3. Who was the father of Mahmud of Ghazni?
Sabuktigin
4. Jayapala was the king of which Dynasty?
The Shahi Dynasty of Punjab.
5.How many times did Mahmud Of Ghazni attacked India?
17 Times.
6. The most profitable and ambitious expedition of Mahmud Ghazni was :
To Be Done In Notebook:
1. Who was Sabuktigin? Write about his conflict with

Jayapala.
2. Give an account of Mahmud’s war against

Anandapala.
MUHAMMAD GHORI
 Ghorids began as vassal( a person or country in a
subordinate position to another) of Ghazni, but
later declared themselves as independent.
 1173 CE- Muhammad Ghori became the governor

of Ghazni and eventually its independent ruler.
 He conquered Multan and Uchch and attempted

to enter Gujarat,but was completely routed by the
Vaghela ruler –Bhima II
Portrait of Muhammad
Ghori
 He then realized that Punjab would
be the ideal place to further his
interest in the Indian subcontinent.
 Eventually:
1) He subdued Peshawar and
Sialkot( now in Pakistan)
2) Conquered Lahore.
3) 1192 CE- Multan and Sind became
parts of Ghori Empire.
This finally led to the end of
Ghaznavid empire.
The Ghori Empire in

INdia
The First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE):
 The battle was fought between

Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj
Chauhan of Ajmer ( ruled over-Rajasthan,
Haryana and Delhi).
 Muhammad Ghori was defeated by

Prithviraj Chauhan ( he was
helped/assisted by the the ruler of Kanauj).
Prithviraj Chauhan,Ajmer
Second Battle of Train (1192 CE):
 Muhammad Ghori returned with a
larger and stronger army and once
again invaded Ajmer.
 This time Jai Chand of Kanauj(the
powerful Rajput ruler) did not help
Prithviraj Chauhan.
 Eventually Prithviraj was defeated
and killed in this battle.
 Muhammad Ghori marched towards
Ajmer unchallenged.
Second Battle of Tarain

Muhammad Ghori’s return to Ghazni:
 Ghori had to return to Ghazni in

order to deal with the threat to the
western frontier of his empire from
Iran.
 He left behind –QUTBUDDIN
AIBAK ( a Turkish slave) one of his
most trusted generals as his regional
governor of northern India.
Death of Muhammad Ghori:
 In 1206 CE- A rebellion rose in

Punjab.Muhammad Ghori retuned to
India and crushed the rebels.
 He was assassinated on his way back to

Ghazni.
Muhammad Ghori’s
Tomb,Jhelum district
Impact of Ghori’s Conquest
(It laid the foundation of Delhi Sultanate in India)
Reasons for the Turkish Success:
Prevailing
administrative
In war tactics-India
India was Politically system in India
was far behind the
Divided. weakened the
Turks
Position of the
‘KING’
Recapitulation
1.Name the Vaghela ruler of Gujarat who defeated Muhammad Ghori.
Bhima II
2.The first Battle of Train was fought between:
Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer.
3.Whom did Muhammad Ghori appointed as the Governor of the Annexed territories before
returning to Ghazni?
Qutbuddin Aibak
4.State any two reasons for the success of Turks in India:
Lack of Unity, Superiority of Turkish war tactics , weak administrative system in India.
To Be Done In Notebook:
3. Write a note on the Second Battle of Tarain.
4.Explain the reasons for the success of the Turkish Invasions in

India.

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Turkish Invasions

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The Turkish Invasions

The World History is full pf descriptions and examples of such conflicts/invasions.

The 10th century in India witnessed the arrival of the

These incursions, which began with ruthless raids and

Dynasties ruling in India Between 7th

The empire of Ghazni before invasion

Sabuktigin and Jayapala face-off in battle

 Video on Turkish invasion

War against War against

 Jayapala (ruler of Punjab) was

Maharaja Jayapala,Shahi Dynasty

Plundered Nagarkot- 1009 CE

Sacked Thanesar -1014 CE

Subdued Kanauj and Meerut .

Attacked Gwalior -1022 CE

Attacked and plundered Somnath Temple in

A painting depicting the Tomb

1. Who was Sabuktigin? Write about his conflict with

2. Give an account of Mahmud’s war against

 1173 CE- Muhammad Ghori became the governor

 He conquered Multan and Uchch and attempted

The Ghori Empire in

 The battle was fought between

 Muhammad Ghori was defeated by

Second Battle of Tarain

 Ghori had to return to Ghazni in

 In 1206 CE- A rebellion rose in

 He was assassinated on his way back to

3. Write a note on the Second Battle of Tarain.

4.Explain the reasons for the success of the Turkish Invasions in

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