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    By: DR Pallavi Madanshetty: Dental Curing Lights - (Part I) QTH Lamp

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    Prabha Gupta
    1) QTH (quartz-tungsten-halogen) lamps are a type of dental curing light that uses a heated tungsten filament to emit visible light across the spectrum, including in the blue wavelengths needed to activate photoinitiators like camphorquinone. 2) However, QTH lamps are inefficient because they produce mostly infrared and ultraviolet light that is wasted, requiring filters to isolate the blue light. They also generate significant heat and have a limited lifespan of around 100 hours. 3) To ensure adequate curing with a QTH lamp, radiometers should be used to measure light intensity and calculate curing times based on the total energy concept of a minimum 16

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    By: DR Pallavi Madanshetty: Dental Curing Lights - (Part I) QTH Lamp

    Uploaded by

    Prabha Gupta
    49 views42 pages
    1) QTH (quartz-tungsten-halogen) lamps are a type of dental curing light that uses a heated tungsten filament to emit visible light across the spectrum, including in the blue wavelengths needed to activate photoinitiators like camphorquinone. 2) However, QTH lamps are inefficient because they produce mostly infrared and ultraviolet light that is wasted, requiring filters to isolate the blue light. They also generate significant heat and have a limited lifespan of around 100 hours. 3) To ensure adequate curing with a QTH lamp, radiometers should be used to measure light intensity and calculate curing times based on the total energy concept of a minimum 16

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    1) QTH (quartz-tungsten-halogen) lamps are a type of dental curing light that uses a heated tungsten filament to emit visible light across the spectrum, including in the blue wavelengths needed to activate photoinitiators like camphorquinone. 2) However, QTH lamps are inefficient because they produce mostly infrared and ultraviolet light that is wasted, requiring filters to isolate the blue light. They also generate significant heat and have a limited lifespan of around 100 hours. 3) To ensure adequate curing with a QTH lamp, radiometers should be used to measure light intensity and calculate curing times based on the total energy concept of a minimum 16

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    49 views42 pages

    By: DR Pallavi Madanshetty: Dental Curing Lights - (Part I) QTH Lamp

    Uploaded by

    Prabha Gupta
    1) QTH (quartz-tungsten-halogen) lamps are a type of dental curing light that uses a heated tungsten filament to emit visible light across the spectrum, including in the blue wavelengths needed to activate photoinitiators like camphorquinone. 2) However, QTH lamps are inefficient because they produce mostly infrared and ultraviolet light that is wasted, requiring filters to isolate the blue light. They also generate significant heat and have a limited lifespan of around 100 hours. 3) To ensure adequate curing with a QTH lamp, radiometers should be used to measure light intensity and calculate curing times based on the total energy concept of a minimum 16

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    DENTAL CURING

    LIGHTS- (PART I)
    QTH LAMP

    BY: DR PALLAVI
    MADANSHETTY
    INDEX
    History

    UV light curing

    Types of light curing units

    Components of QTH lamp


    Physics behind QTH lamp

    Radiometer
    Calculation of curing time

    Properties of QTH

    Alternative photoinitiators

    Advantages and disadvantages of QTH curing unit.


    HISTORY
    Initially, resin based composites were chemically activated.
    They were bulk-filled with the direction of polymerization
    shrinkage towards the center of the mass.
    During mixing it was almost impossible to avoid incorporating
    air into the mix.

    Provided no control with the working time.

    Increased finishing time.

    Had less color stability due to breakdown of tertiary amines.


    To overcome these problems, UV light activation was first
    introduced to the dentistry in 1970s.

    This concept served as a major advance over conventional


    chemically cured composites by providing premixed, shelf-
    stable materials with infinite working time and cure-on-
    demand ability.

    For the first time, curing restorative materials required no


    mixing, provided adequate time for placement and
    preparation of anatomy, and delivered instantaneous results.
    UV photocuring dramatically changed the direction of
    dentistry.
    These curing units were designed to emit ultraviolet
    light(about 365nm)through a quartz rod from a high pressure
    mercury source.
    The photo initiating system relied on benzoine- ether type
    compounds which broke down into multiple radicals, without
    need of an intermediary component.
    But UV curing lights had several drawbacks like;
    Limited ability of the light to penetrate deep within the
    material (1-1.5mm of penetration)
    Altered the oral micro flora.
    Units needed warm up time of 5 minutes.

    If human (operator and patient’s eyes) are exposed to short


    wavelength UV energy , there is danger of formation of corneal
    burns and cataract.

    Therefore they were replaced by visible blue light-activated systems


    THE INNOVATION
    The early 1980s led to further advances in the photocuring of
    dental materials. The key progress was identification of
    Camphoquinone (CQ) as an ideal photoinitiator.
    In the process of photocuring, in order to transform a
    monomer into a polymer, photoinitiators, which break down
    into radicals when irradiated with light, are required.
    The advented CQ’s absorption range was found to be between
    370-500 nm with a peak at 468 nm, and therefore allowed the
    use of visible blue light for photocuring of composite resins.
    ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF CQ

    CQ

    VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTRUM

    CQ
    There are Four main types of polymerization sources:

    1. Tungsten –halogen 2. LASER


    (QTH)

    4. Light –emitting
    3. Plasma arc diode(LED)
    QTH LAMP
    COMPONENTS OF QUARTZ- TUNGSTEN –
    HALOGEN (QTH)LAMP

    QTH
    Halogen lamps use an incandescent light bulb consisting of a
    tungsten filament surrounded by the halogen gases that give
    them their name.
    PHYSICS BEHIND QTH CURING UNIT
    Basis for light production  heated objects emit
    electromagnetic radiation.

    In the case of halogen lamps, light is produced when an


    electric current flows through a thin tungsten filament.
    When a tungsten filament is
    heated to approximately 100 ºC,
    it gives off heat energy in the
    form of infrared radiation.

    100ºC
    When the temperature is
    2000-3000ºC increased between 2000C and
    3000 ºC, a significant portion of
    the radiation is emitted in the
    visible light spectrum.
    NOTE : To provide visible light for photo polymerization,
    halogen lamps must be heated to a very high temperatures.
    Therefore, the QTH lamps are not energy efficient.
    RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS COVERED
    BY QTH LAMPS
    When a tungsten filament in the QTH
    bulb is heated, 5% of the total energy is
    visible light, 12% heat, and 80% light

    Visible light emitted in the infrared spectrum and


    some amount of UV light is also
    Heat
    produced.
    Infra-red
    As, the QTH unit produces long band
    width spectrum, preferential
    production of blue light is not
    possible with this kind of technology.
    In order to produce the blue light
    required for the activation of
    Camphorquinone, unwanted
    portions of the spectrum have to be
    An entire Visible light spectrum,
    filtered out.
    IR radiation and UV light is
    As a result, the largest part of the
    emitted than the preferred blue
    radio active power of this light
    light spectrum when a tungsten
    filament is heated. source is wasted.
    NOTE: Since QTH lamps emit a rather wide range of wavelengths, band-
    pass filters are required to limit the wavelength between 370 and 550 nm
    in order to fit the peak absorption of Camphorquinone. This approach
    yields an efficiency rate of only 0.5%; other 99.5% of the energy is given
    out as heat.
    Band pass
    filters QTH Lamp
    IR

    Visible light

    Blue light
    UV light

    HEAT
    So, the central drawback of the halogen lights is the need to
    overcome waste heat produced during a wide spectrum light
    production. Therefore, a cooling fan is required for heat dissipation,
    which makes the curing unit noisy and produces vibrations.
    NOTE: Halogen curing lights must not be turned off until
    the fan has stopped running, as it will overheat.
    Because of the degradation of the bulb, reflector and filter
    over time, caused by high operating temperatures and
    considerable quantity of heat being produced during operating
    cycles, QTH lamps have a limited lifespan of 100 hours.
    The lamp reflector may lose its reflective properties because of
    loss of reflective material, or deposition of surface impurities.
    Filter coatings may become pitted, chipped, or flaky and the
    filters themselves may crack or break. This implicates a
    reduction of curing efficiency over time by aging of the
    components.
    The power output may also deteriorate over time due to
    insufficient maintenance of the light sources and especially the
    light tips.
    Resin contamination on the curing unit tip tends to scatter the
    light, considerably reducing the effective output.
    NOTE: The light guide must be kept free of resin buildup either
    by using a sleeve cover to protect the light guide or using acetone to
    remove any residue that has formed. When necessary, an
    appropriate rubber wheel on a slow speed hand piece can be
    utilized.
    MAINTENANCE OF QTH UNITS
    Many QTH lamps used in dental offices operate beneath the
    minimum power output specified by the manufacturers.

    Unless they are properly maintained and the output


    monitored, they could be a source of sensitivity due to uncured
    resin.

    Therefore, the power output must be constantly checked with


    the help of a radiometer. Newer models house a radiometer
    right in the unit.

    CAUTION : A study by Friedman showed that polymerization units used


    in dental practices have lost 45-89% of their initial light intensity
    EXTERNAL RADIOMETER

    BUILT IN RADIOMETER
    HOW TO CALCULATE THE CURING TIME?

    • TOTAL ENERGY CONCEPT


    As a general rule, a dose of maximum 16,000 mW/cm² is required
    to adequately cure an increment of 2 mm.
    The Total Energy Concept states that the light-curing process
    depends on the energy and is basically determined by the
    multiplication of light intensity and time.
    For example: 40 seconds at a light intensity of 400 mW/cm²=
    40 s x 400 mW/cm² = 16,000 mW/cm²).
    Therefore, QTH lamp which produces an average power density of
    400 mW/cm² has a minimum of 40 sec curing time.
    NOTE : Based on this maximum value, various curing
    times can be calculated depending on the light intensity of
    the polymerization light used.

    It is estimated by Ruggeberg that 280 mW/cm²is the


    minimal intensity necessary to adequately polymerize a 2
    mm thick increment of universal shade composite. This
    minimally acceptable intensity is very similar to the 300
    mW/cm² value reported by Bayne.
    PROPERTIES
    QTH

    Wave length emitted 400-500nm

    Band width Broad

    Time of curing in seconds 40-60 sec

    Performance Low energy performance

    Power density 500 mW/cm²


    LASER CURING LAMP

    VITAL TOOTH BLEACHING AND INTRODUCTION OF


    THE “ALTERNATIVE INITIATORS”
    Vital tooth bleaching was becoming an overnight success in
    the early 1990s. However, following bleaching, manufacturers
    were not able to provide direct esthetic restorative materials
    that were of high enough value to match the newly bleached
    teeth.
    LASER CURING LAMP

    This situation arose because the photo initiating system of


    used CQ, which is bright canary yellow, and photo bleaches
    only slightly upon exposures within clinically relevant times.
    Thus after curing, the restoration tended to have a yellow,
    residual tinge.
    To overcome this problem, manufacturers have incorporated
    a variety of other photoinitiators such as phenylpropanedion
    (PPD) or Lucirin TPO into light-activated restorative materials
    to minimize the yellowing effect and inefficiency of CQ.
    These class of photo initiators directly break into multiple

    radicals without need for any co-initiator, and although they are

    pale yellow in color, get photo bleached to clear, once utilized.


    These “alternative” initiators are much more efficient than CQ, but

    require light of a much shorter wavelength (between 350 and 430 nm in

    the violet range)

    Their downside is that violet light will not penetrate deeply into

    restorative materials, and thus CQ must always be present.

    Therefore, to activate a product containing both of these photo-

    initiators, the light curing unit must be capable of emitting in both the

    violet and blue regions.

    A QTH lamp that generates photons continuously between 400 nm

    (violet) and 500 nm (just past the blue region), will work well with these

    composites.
    QTH lamps cover the
    whole radiation absorption
    spectrum of CQ and part of
    the spectra for PPD and
    Lucerin.

    photoinitiator absorption spectra


    Curing light emission and
    ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
    Longest history in dentistry. Continuous spectrum must be
    Low cost technology. narrowed by filter systems.

    Broad bandwidth allows curing of Low energy performance, since use of


    composites containing photo- the filter wastes (99%) of radiation.
    initiators other than Generation of high temperatures
    Camphoroquinone (need for ventilating fan to cool the
    lamp) so, they are loud.
    May deteriorate over time due to
    insufficient maintenance of the light
    sources.
    Long exposure time of 40-60sec.
    Greater pulpal heat if prolonged
    curing times are used.
    HALOGEN LAMPS
    WARNING
    The future for QTH light is not “bright”, as many governmental
    agencies are banning this tremendously inefficient
    incandescent light sources from general usage soon.
    US govt. has stipulated deadlines by which incandescent light
    sources will be stopped being marketed: elimination of the 100-
    W bulb in 2012 and removal of 40-W source by 2014.
    State-of –the –art: Dental photo curing- a review Frederick A.
    Rueggeberg dental materials 27 (2011) 39-52
    Visit
    https://manipaluniv.academia.edu/pallavimadanshetty for
    other curing units.
    REFERENCES
    Developments in polymerization lamps Amparo Jimenez-

    Planas, Juan Martín, Camilo Abalos, Rafael Llamas (Quintessence Int

    2008;39;180.e74–84).

    Light curing of resin-based composites in the LED era

    Norbert Kramer, Ulrich Lohbauer, Franklin García-Godoy, and

    Roland Frankenberger, Am J Dent 2008;21:135-142 .

    Exposure Times for Contemporary Composites Frederick A.

    Rueggeberg, 2013 ;Vol 25: 2 82–84 Journal of Esthetic and

    Restorative Dentistry.
    Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin

    composites. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr. Oper Dent

    1994;19(1):26-32.

    State-of –the –art: Dental photo curing- a review Frederick A. Rueggeberg

    Dental materials 27 (2011) 39-52

    Light Emitting Diode - The unsung heroes Dr.Deepak.J.Parekh Monday,

    14 December 2009http://www.onlinedentallearning.com Generated: 2

    November, 2011, 17:58

    Light Curing Devices-A Clinical Review Dr.Tarun Kumar Singh, Dr. Ida

    Ataide, Dr. Marina Fernandes, Dr. Rajan T. Lambor Journal of Orofacial

    Research Volume 1: Issue 1 : 2011


    Thank you

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