SIMULATION AND MODELING

CT-4211
3-2-3

PREPARED BY:
DESALEGN MESFIN (Maj.)
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 CHAPTER 1

SYSTEM MODELS AND STUDIES

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 INTRODUCTION
Simulation:- is the process of designing a model of real system
for the purpose of studying the system.
System:- is a collection of an entity that acts and interacts
together towards the accomplishment of some logical end.
Eg. a) aircraft system
b) factory system
With respect to a system, one should know the following terms:
1. Entity:- it is defined as an object of interest in a system.
2. Attribute:- property of an entity. A simple entity can have many
attributes.
3. Activity:- a process that causes a change in the system.
4. State of the system:- description of entities, attributes and activities
exist at any point of time defines the state of the system at that
movement. 3
Eg. 1) Factory System (extract the possible entities, attributes, …)

Customer
Production control department
order

Purchasing Fabrication Assembly Shopping Finished

Entity:- departments, orders, parts and products

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Eg.2) Traffic system
System= traffic, Entity= cars, Attribute= speed,
Activity= driving
Eg.3) Bank system
System= bank, Entity= customers, Attribute= credit,
balance, Activity= deposit, withdrawal
Exercise:
Extract the possible entity, attribute and activity for
a) Supermarket system
b) Communication system

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 Advantages of Simulation
1. Useful for sensitive analysis.
2. Used as a pre-test to try new policies and decisions.
3. It allows to study the system with long time frame.
4. Maintains much better control.
Disadvantages of Simulation
1. Does not generate optimal solution
2. Model building requires special training.
3. Simulation results can be difficult to interpret
4. Simulation and modeling and analysis can be time consuming
and expensive some times.
Areas of application
• Manufacturing application
• Semiconductor manufacturing
• Construction engineering and project mgt.
• Military application. 6
 SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT
A system often affected changes occurring outside the
system, such changes are said to occur in the system
environment.
There are two types of activities:
i. Endogenous activity:- is defined as an activity that
occurs with in a system.
ii. Exogenous activity:- activities that are occurring
outside the system (environment activity).
Systems are categorized into two:
1. Open system:- a system with exogenous activities.
2. Closed system:- a system without exogenous activities.

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 Stochastic and Deterministic activities
• Another way of classifying activities; is based on the manner in
which they are described.
• Deterministic activities:- an activity said to be deterministic if the
out come of an activity depends on its inputs.
• Stochastic activity:- an activity said to be stochastic if the out
come is probabilistic.
Continuous and Discrete System
• Another classification of the system; is based on the nature of
changes occur in the system.
• Discrete system:- the system in which the changes are
predominately discontinuous will be called as discrete system.
Eg. Banking system. (arrival / departure of customers).
• Continuous system:- the system in which the changes are
predominately smooth or continuous.
Eg. Aircraft system, Head of a water behind a dam 8
 System modeling and types of model
• System modeling:- it is defined as the process of studying the
behaviour of the proposed or existing system by constructing a
model or by experimenting with the existing system it self.
• Model:- it is the representation of a system for the purpose of
studying the system.
– It is a simplification of the system.
• Task deriving a model for a system may be derived in to two
sub tasks.
a. Establishing the model structure:- identification of entities,
attributes and activities, and determine the system boundary.
b. Data supply:- the value to attributes and to define the
relationship involved in the activities.

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 Types of models
models

physical mathematical
Static Dynamic
Static Dynamic
Numeric Analytic Numeric

System
Simulation

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• Physical models:- these are representation of
mechanical, electrical and hydraulic system.
– Attributes:- represented by measurements like
voltage, position of shaft.
– Activities:- physical laws, voltage law etc.
• Mathematical models:- these models use
symbolic notations and mathematical equations
to represent a system.
– Attributes are represented by variables
– Activities are represented by mathematical functions
interrelate the variables.

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• Static model:- it represent at a particular point
of time when the system is in balance.
• Dynamic model:- it represents systems as they
change over the time.
• Analytical model:- deductive reasoning of
maths then accurate and solved.
• Numerical model:- computational procedures
then it is approximation, models are “run” rather
than solved.

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 Principles used in modeling
Possible guidelines used in modeling:-
1. Block diagram:- the system should be
organized as a series of blocks to simplify the
interactions with in the system.
2. Relevance:- the information collected must be
relevant to study the system.
3. Accuracy:- the information gathered must be
accurate for the model to solve.
4. Aggregation:- it is the ability in which related
individual entities can be grouped together in
to large entities. 13
 System studies
System consisting of interacting subsystems, any
subsystems it self, be considered a system
consisting of subsystems.
Each subsystem has its own:
 input
 Output
 Relationship that defines the subsystem interaction.
Hence, models of a system breaks into sub models.

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 Types of System study
Generally once the model is built it can be studied in one
of the three ways:-
1. System analysis
2. System design
3. System postulation
1. System analysis
Aim:- to understand how an existing system
operates or to validate a new system.
 Construct a model for the system
 Investigate the behaviour of the model
 Interpret the results in terms of the system performance
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2. System Design
Aim:- to produce a system that meet
specification or reengineering.
 Certain system parameters or components can
be selected
 The proposed system is modelled
 Compare the performance with desired
performance then, if success accept else resign.

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3. System postulate
Characteristics of the way models are employed in
social, economical, political, and medical studies.
Aim:- it is applied when the behaviour of the
system is known but the process that produces the
behaviour are not known.
Example: study designed to investigate the function
of liver in human body.
When a chemical, thyroxin, is injected into blood
stream, it carried to the liver, the liver can change
thyroxin into iodine when it is absorbed into the
bile.
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Solution:-

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