Chapter 2: Basic Elements of Java

Java Programming:
From Problem Analysis to Program Design,
Second Edition
 Chapter Objectives
 Become familiar with the basic components of a Java
program, including methods, special symbols, and
identifiers.
 Explore primitive data types.
 Discover how to use arithmetic operators.
 Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic
expressions.
 Explore how mixed expressions are evaluated.

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 2

 Chapter Objectives
 Learn about type casting.
 Become familiar with the String type.
 Learn what an assignment statement is and what it
does.
 Discover how to input data into memory by using
input statements.
 Become familiar with the use of increment and
decrement operators.

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 Chapter Objectives
 Examine ways to output results using output
statements.

 Learn how to import packages and why they are

necessary.

 Discover how to create a Java application program.

 Explore how to properly structure a program,

including using comments to document a program.

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 Introduction
 Computer program: A sequence of statements
designed to accomplish a task.

 Programming: The process of planning and creating

a program.

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 The Basics of a Java Program
 Java program: A collection of classes.

 There is a main method in every Java application

program.

 Token: The smallest individual unit of a program.

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 Special Symbols

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 Word Symbols
  void
int
  public
float
 static
 double
 throws
 char
 return

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 Java Identifiers
 Names of things.
 Consists of:
 Letters
 Digits
 The underscore character (_)
 The dollar sign ($)
 Must begin with a letter, underscore, or the dollar
sign.

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 Illegal Identifiers

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 Data Types
A set of values together with a set of operations.

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 Primitive Data Types

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 Primitive Data Types
 Floating-point data types:

 Float: Precision = 6 or 7

 Double: Precision = 15

 Boolean:

 True

 False

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 Integral Data Types

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 Values and Memory Allocation
for Integral Data Types

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 Arithmetic Operators and
Operator Precedence
 Five arithmetic operators:
 + addition
 - subtraction
 * multiplication
 / division
 % mod (modulus)
 Unary operator: An operator that has one operand.
 Binary operator: An operator that has two operands.

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 Order of Precedence
* / % (same precedence)
+ - (same precedence)

 Operators in 1 have a higher precedence than

operators in 2.
 When operators have the same level of
precedence, operations are performed from left to
right.

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 Expressions
 Integral expressions

 Floating-point or decimal expressions

 Mixed expressions

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 Integral Expressions
 All operands are integers.
 Examples:
2 + 3 * 5
3 + x – y / 7
x + 2 * (y – z) + 18

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 Floating-Point Expressions
 All operands are floating-point numbers.
 Examples:
12.8 * 17.5 – 34.50
x * 10.5 + y - 16.2

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 Mixed Expressions
 Operands of different types.
 Examples:
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
 Integer operands yield an integer result; floating-
point numbers yield floating-point results.
 If both types of operands are present, the result is a
floating-point number.
 Precedence rules are followed.

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 Type Conversion (Casting)
 Used to avoid implicit type coercion.
 Syntax:
(dataTypeName) expression
 Expression evaluated first, then type converted to:
dataTypeName
 Examples:
(int)(7.9 + 6.7) = 14
(int)(7.9) + (int)(6.7) = 13

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 The class String
 Used to manipulate strings.
 String:
 Sequence of zero or more characters.
 Enclosed in double quotation marks.
 Null or empty strings have no characters.
 Numeric strings consist of integers or decimal
numbers.
 Length is the number of characters in a string.

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 Input
Named constant
 Cannot be changed during program execution.
 Declared by using the reserved word final.
 Initialized when it is declared.

Example 2-11
final double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;
final int NO_OF_STUDENTS = 20;
final char BLANK = ' ';
final double PAY_RATE = 15.75;

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 Input
Variable (name, value, data type, size)
 Content may change during program execution.
 Must be declared before it can be used.
 May not be automatically initialized.
 If new value is assigned, old one is destroyed.
 Value can only be changed by an assignment
statement or an input (read) statement.

Example 2-12
double amountDue;
int counter;
char ch;
int x, y;
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 Input
The Assignment Statement
variable = expression;

Example 2-13
int i, j;
double sale;
char first;
String str;

i = 4;
j = 4 * 5 - 11;
sale = 0.02 * 1000;
first = 'D';
str = "It is a sunny day.";
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 Input
 Standard input stream object is System.in.
 Input numeric data to program.
 Separate by blanks, lines, or tabs.

 To read data:
1. Create an input stream object of the class
Scanner.
2. Use the methods such as next, nextLine,
nextInt, and nextDouble.

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 Input
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

Example 2-16
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int feet;
int inches;

Suppose the input is

23 7

feet = console.nextInt(); //Line 1

inches = console.nextInt(); //Line 2

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 Increment and
Decrement Operators
 ++ increments the value of its operand by 1.
 -- decrements the value of its operand by 1.
 Syntax:
Pre-increment: ++variable
Post-increment: variable++
Pre-decrement: --variable
Post-decrement: variable--

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 Strings and the Operator +
 Operator + can be used to concatenate two strings,
or a string and a numeric value or character.

Example 2-20
String str;
int num1, num2;
num1 = 12;
num2 = 26;
str = "The sum = " + num1 + num2;

After this statement executes, the string assigned to str is:

"The sum = 1226";
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 Strings and the Operator +
 Example 2-20
String str;
int num1, num2;
num1 = 12;
num2 = 26;
str = "The sum = " + num1 + num2;
After this statement executes, the string assigned to str is:
"The sum = 1226";
 Consider the following statement:
str = "The sum = " + (num1 + num2);
 In this statement, because of the parentheses, you first evaluate
num1 + num2. Because num1 and num2 are both int
variables, num1 + num2 = 12 + 26 = 38. After this
statement executes, the string assigned to str is:
"The sum = 38";
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 Output
 Standard output object is System.out.

 Methods:
print
println

 Syntax:
System.out.print(stringExp);
System.out.println(stringExp);
System.out.println();

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 Commonly Used
Escape Sequences

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 Packages, Classes, Methods, and
the import Statement
 Package: A collection of related classes.

 Class: Consists of methods.

 Method: Designed to accomplish a specific task.

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 import Statement
 Used to import the components of a package into a
program.
 Reserved word.
 import java.io.*;
Imports the (components of the) package java.io
into the program.
 Primitive data types and the class String:
 Part of the Java language.
 Don’t need to be imported.

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 Creating a Java
Application Program
 Syntax of a class:

 Syntax of the main method:

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 Programming Style and Form
 Know common syntax errors and rules.

 Use blanks appropriately.

 Use a semicolon as a statement terminator.

 Important to have well-documented code.

 Good practice to follow traditional rules for naming

identifiers.

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 More on Assignment Statements

variable = variable * (expression);

is equivalent to:
variable *= expression;
Similarly,
variable = variable + (expression);
is equivalent to:

variable += expression;

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 Programming Examples
 Convert Length program:
 Input: Length in feet and inches.
 Output: Equivalent length in centimeters.
 Make Change program:
 Input: Change in cents.
 Output: Equivalent change in half-dollars, quarters,
dimes, nickels, and pennies.

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 Chapter Summary
 Basic elements of a Java program include:
 The main method
 Reserved words
 Special symbols
 Identifiers
 Data types
 Expressions
 Input
 Output
 Statements

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 Chapter Summary

 To create a Java application, it is important to

understand:
 Syntax rules.
 Semantic rules.
 How to manipulate strings and numbers.
 How to declare variables and named constants.
 How to receive input and display output.
 Good programming style and form.

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