Chapter 2: Organic Compounds: A First Look
Chapter 2: Organic Compounds: A First Look
Chapter 2: Organic Compounds: A First Look
Hydrogen 1 bond H O H
H H
H H
H C C H C C H C C H
H H H H
4 single bonds double bond triple bond
H H
H C N H C N H C N
H H H H
H _
+ H N
H N H
H H
4 bonds 2 bonds
+ charge 2 pairs
- charge
Oxygen 2 bonds and 2 unshared electron pairs
H H
H C O H C O
H H
H
H C Br
H
C 2H 6O
H H H H
H C C O
O H H C O C H
H H H H
ethanol dimethyl ether
ethyl alcohol gas
liquid poisonous
same
C
C C
C
C C
C CC CC C C
C C C CC C C
C CC CC
C C
C5H12 3 isomers C5H11Cl 8 isomers
C6H14 5 isomers C6H12 many
H H H H
H C C C C C C H
-2 H H H H H H H
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H C6H12
H H H H H H H H
-2 H H H
C6H14 C
H C C H
H C C H
C H
H
H H
C6H12
C6H14 is saturated (has the maximum number of H’s for six C’s).
C C C C C C
(2n + 2) - (x)
for CnHx DU =
2
C7H14 DU = (2)(7) + 2 - 14 = 1
2
So there is one ring or one double bond in C7H14.
H H H H H H H
line structure
H C C C C C C C H or Kekule structure
H H H H H
H2C CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
or condensed
structure
CH2 CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
or
CH2 CH(CH2)4CH3
skeletal
structure
H
H
H H C H H H CH3
H C C C C C C H CH3CH2C CHCH2CH3
H H H H H
DU with Other Elements Present
C8H13N DU = (2)(8) + 2 + 1 – 13
=3
2
N
C (triple bond counts as two DUs)
Physical Properties and Molecular Structure
melting point, boiling point, solubility
Intermolecular Forces
charge interactions larger charges = stronger interaction
Type Example
very strong
ion-ion ionic bond
188 kcal/mol
moderately strong
ion-dipole
dipole-dipole weak
instantaneous dipole-
induced dipole weakest
(London Force)
CH3
O
CH3CH2CH2CH -99oC has polar bond
Boiling Points
increase with stronger intermolecular forces
increase with more surface area (more London forces)
(rod shaped)
increase with hydrogen bonding
CH3
H3C C CH3 10oC less surface area
CH3
O
76oC more polar
CH3CH2CH2CH
OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2 117oC hydrogen bonding
Solubility
Like dissolves like.
Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents.
Nonpolar compounds dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2OH