In This Session, You Will Learn To:: Objectives

Data Structures and Algorithms
Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:

Identify the features of a stack
Implement stacks
Apply stacks to solve programming problems
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Stacks
Let us play the game of Rummy.
7 7
7 7
6 6
6 6
6 6
6 6
7 7
7 7
6 6
6 6
6 6
6 6
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Defining a Stack
What
A is is
stack a Stack ?
a collection of data items that can be accessed at
only one end, called top.
Items can be inserted and deleted in a stack only at the top.
The last item inserted in a stack is the first one to be
deleted.
Therefore, a stack is called a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) data
structure.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Identifying the Operations on Stacks
PUSH:are
There It istwo
thebasic
process
operations
of inserting
that aare
newperformed
element on the
stacks:
top of a stack.
PUSH
POP
Push an
Element 1
Empty Stack
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Identifying the Operations on Stacks (Contd.)
PUSH: It is the process of inserting a new element on the

top of a stack.
Push an
Push an
Element 32
Element
3
2
1
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Identifying the Operations on Stacks (Contd.)
POP: It is the process of deleting an element from the top of

a stack.
POP an
Element
3
3 2
2
1
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Just a minute
Elements in stacks are inserted and deleted on a

___________ basis.
Answer:
LIFO
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Just a minute
List down some real life examples that work on the LIFO
principle.
Answer:
Pile of books: Suppose a set of books are placed one over
the other in a pile. When you remove books from the pile, the
topmost book will be removed first. Similarly, when you have
to add a book to the pile, the book will be placed at the top of
the pile.
Pile of plates: The first plate begins the pile. The second plate
is placed on the top of the first plate and the third plate is
placed on the top of the second plate, and so on. In general, if
you want to add a plate to the pile, you can keep it on the top
of the pile. Similarly, if you want to remove a plate, you can
remove the plate from the top of the pile.
Bangles in a hand: When a person wears bangles, the last
bangle worn is the first one to be removed.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
Implementing Stacks
You need to develop a method to check if the parentheses

in an arithmetic expression are correctly nested.
How will you solve this problem?
You can solve this problem easily by using a stack.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Implementing Stacks (Contd.)
{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
Consider an example.
Suppose the expression is:
{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
Scan the expression from
left to right.
The first entry to be
scanned is ‘{’, which is a left
parenthesis.
Push it into the stack.
{
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
The next entry to be
scanned is ‘(’, which is a left
parenthesis.
The next entry is ‘a’, which
is an operand. Therefore, it
is discarded.
The next entry is ‘+’, which
is an operator. Therefore, it
is discarded. (
{
The next entry is ‘b’, which
is an operand. Therefore, it
is discarded.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
scanned is ‘)’, which is a
right parenthesis
POP the topmost entry from
the stack.
Match the two brackets.
( )
Brackets Matched
(
{
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

The next entry to be scanned

{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
is ‘×’, which is an operator.
Therefore, it is discarded.
is ‘(’, which is a left
parenthesis
Push it into the stack
is ‘c’, which is an operand.
Therefore it is discarded
(
{
is ‘+’, which is an operator.
is ‘d’, which is an operand.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
right parenthesis.
POP the topmost element
from the stack.
( )
Brackets Matched
(
{
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
is ‘+’, which is an operator.
is ‘(’, which is a left
parenthesis.
is ‘c’, which is an operand.
(
{
is ‘×’, which is an operator.
is ‘d’, which is an operand.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
right parenthesis.
from the stack.
( )
Brackets Matched
(
{
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

{(a + b) × (c + d) + (c × d)]}
scanned is ‘]’, which is a
right parenthesis.
from the stack.
{ ]
Brackets Do Not Match

The Expression is INVALID
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Implementing a Stack Using an Array
A
Tostack is similar
implement to a list
a stack usingin which insertion and deletion is
an array:
allowed onlyanatarray:
Declare one end.
Therefore, similar to a //list,
int Stack[5]; stack size
Maximum can needs
be implemented using
to be specified in
both arrays and linked lists. // advance
Declare a variable, top to hold the index of the topmost
element in the stacks:
int top;
Initially, when the stack is empty, set:
top = –1
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Implementing a Stack Using an Array (Contd.)
Let us now write an algorithm for 1. Increment top by 1.

the PUSH operation. 2. Store the value to be
pushed at index top in
Initially:
the array. Top now
top = – 1 contains the index of the
topmost element.
PUSH an element 3
0 1 2 3 4
Stack
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

1. Increment top by 1.
2. Store the value to be

the array. Top now
top = – 1 contains the index of the
topmost element.
PUSH an element 3
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 10
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
top = 0 contains the index of the
topmost element.
PUSH an element 3
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 10
top = 0
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
contains the index of the
topmost element.
PUSH an element 3
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 Item pushed
top = 0
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 8
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10
top = 0
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 8
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10
top = 0
top = 1
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 8
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 Item pushed
top = 1
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 5
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8
top = 1
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 5
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8
top = top
1 =2
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 5
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 Item pushed
top = 2
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 1
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5
top = 2
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 1
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5
top = 2
top = 3
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 1
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1 Item pushed
top = 3
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 9
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1
top = 3
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 9
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1
top = 3top = 4
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 9
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1 9 Item pushed
top = 4
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 2
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1 9
top = 4
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 2
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1 9
top = 4top = 5
Ver. 1.0 Session 10


the array. Top now
topmost element.
PUSH an element 2
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1 9 Stack overflow
top = 5
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Theavoid
To stackthe
has beenoverflow,
stack implemented
you 1. Increment
If top = MAX top–by1: 1.
a. Display “Stack
in an to
need array of size
check 5. stack full
for the 2. Store the
Full”value to be
condition
Therefore,before pushing
you cannot an element
store more pushed
b. Exitat index top in
the array. Top now
into
thanthe stack. in the stack.
5 elements 2. contains
Increment the top
index
by 1of the
Let us modify the algorithm to check topmost element.
for this condition. pushed at index top in
the array
0 1 2 3 4
Stack 3 10 8 5 1 9
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Write an algorithm to implement the POP operation on a

stack.
Algorithm for POP operation:
1. If top = – 1:
a. Display “Stack Empty”
b. Exit
2. Retrieve the value stored at index top
3. Decrement top by 1
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Just a minute
In a stack, data can be stored and removed only from one

end of the stack called the ______ of the stack.
Answer:
top
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Implementing a Stack Using a Linked List
Writealgorithm
The an algorithm to implement
for POP
PUSH operation
operation the PUSH
isisas and POP
asfollows:
follows:
operations
1. Make a using
Allocate a Linked
variable/pointer
memory List.point
for the tmp
new node.to the topmost node.
2. Assign
Retrievevalue
the value
to thecontained
data field in
of the
the topmost
new node.node.
3. Make top
the next
pointfield
to the
of next
the new
nodenodein sequence.
point to top.
4. Release
Make topmemory
point to allocated
the new node.
to the node marked by tmp.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Activity: Implementing a Stack Using an Array
Problem Statement:
Write a program to implement a stack by using an array that
can store five elements.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Activity: Implementing a Stack Using a Linked List
Problem Statement:
Write a program to implement a stack by using a linked list.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Just a minute
What will be the condition for stack full in a stack

implemented as a linked list?
Answer:
When a stack is implemented as a linked list, there is no upper
bound limit on the size of the stack. Therefore, there will be no
stack full condition in this case.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Just a minute
If a stack is represented in memory by using a linked list,

then insertion and deletion of data will be done ________.
1. At the end of the list
2. At the beginning of the list
3. Anywhere in the list
4. At the beginning and at the end of the list respectively
Answer:
2. At the beginning of the list
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Applications of Stacks
Some of the applications of stacks are:

Implementing function calls
Maintaining the UNDO list for an application
Checking the nesting of parentheses in an expression
Evaluating expressions
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Implementing Function Calls
Implementing function calls:

Consider an example. There are three functions, F1, F2, and
F3. Function F1 invokes F2 and function F2 invokes F3, as
shown.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Implementing Function Calls (Contd.)
void F1()
Assuming these instructions at the
{
given locations in the memory.
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x);
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1()
{ The execution starts from
1100 int x; function F1
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x);
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1()
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x);
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() x=5
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x);
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() x=5
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x); 1103, x = 5
1122 print(x);
} Address and the local variable of F1
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() x=5
10
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x); 1103, x = 5
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() x = 10
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 1122, x = 10
x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x); 1103, x = 5
1122 print(x);
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() 20
x = 10
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 1122, x = 10
x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x); 1103, x = 5
1122 print(x);
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x;
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() 20
x = 10
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x) 1122, x = 10
{
1120 1122, x = 10
x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x); 1103, x = 5
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x; 20
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() 5
x = 10
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x) 1103, x = 5
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x); 1103, x = 5
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x; 20 10
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
void F1() x=5
{
1100 int x;
1101 x = 5;
1102 F2();
1103 print(x);
}
void F2(int x)
{
1120 x = x + 5;
1121 F3(x);
1122 print(x);
}
void F3(int x)
{
1140 x = x × 2;
1141 print x; 20 10 5
}
Ver. 1.0 Session 10
Maintaining the UNDO list for an Application
Maintaining the UNDO list for an application:

Consider that you made some changes in a Word document.
Now, you want to revert back those changes. You can revert
those changes with the help of an UNDO feature.
The UNDO feature reverts the changes in a LIFO manner.
This means that the change that was made last is the first one
to be reverted.
You can implement the UNDO list by using a stack.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Checking the Nesting of Parentheses in an Expression
Checking the nesting of parentheses in an expression:

You can do this by checking the following two conditions:
The number of left parenthesis should be equal to the number of
right parenthesis.
Each right parenthesis is preceded by a matching left
parenthesis.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Evaluating Expressions
Evaluating an expression by using stacks:

Stacks can be used to solve complex arithmetic expressions.
The evaluation of an expression is done in two steps:
Conversion of the infix expression into a postfix expression.
Evaluation of the postfix expression.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Activity: Implementing a Stack using a Linked List
Problem Statement:
Write a program that accepts an infix expression, and then
converts it into a postfix expression. You can assume that the
entered expression is a valid infix expression.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Summary
In this session, you learned that:

A stack is a collection of data items that can be accessed at
only one end, called top. The last item inserted in a stack is the
first one to be deleted.
A stack is called a LIFO data structure.
There are two operations that can be performed on stacks.
They are:
PUSH
POP
Stacks can be implemented by using both arrays and linked
lists.
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Summary (Contd.)
Stacks are used in many applications. Some of the application

domains of stacks are as follows:
Implementing function calls
Maintaining the UNDO list for an application
Checking the nesting of parentheses in an expression
Evaluating expressions
Ver. 1.0 Session 10

In This Session, You Will Learn To:: Objectives

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Data Structures and Algorithms

In this session, you will learn to:

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Let us play the game of Rummy.

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

PUSH: It is the process of inserting a new element on the

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

POP: It is the process of deleting an element from the top of

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Elements in stacks are inserted and deleted on a

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

You need to develop a method to check if the parentheses

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

The next entry to be scanned

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

The next entry to be scanned

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Brackets Do Not Match

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

Let us now write an algorithm for 1. Increment top by 1.

Ver. 1.0 Session 10

2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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2. Store the value to be

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