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    Variations of Learning

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    Antonette Arma
    1. Learning is influenced by evolutionary preparedness, as animals are primed to learn associations that were useful in their natural habitats. 2. Conditioned taste aversion shows that a single pairing of food with illness can lead to long-lasting avoidance of that food, even with delay, because food is strongly associated with feeling sick. 3. Studies on birdsong learning found that birds learn songs during a sensitive period simply by listening, with no response or reinforcement needed, and then practice and modify songs the following spring through trial and error.

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    Variations of Learning

    Uploaded by

    Antonette Arma
    10 views16 pages
    1. Learning is influenced by evolutionary preparedness, as animals are primed to learn associations that were useful in their natural habitats. 2. Conditioned taste aversion shows that a single pairing of food with illness can lead to long-lasting avoidance of that food, even with delay, because food is strongly associated with feeling sick. 3. Studies on birdsong learning found that birds learn songs during a sensitive period simply by listening, with no response or reinforcement needed, and then practice and modify songs the following spring through trial and error.

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    1. Learning is influenced by evolutionary preparedness, as animals are primed to learn associations that were useful in their natural habitats. 2. Conditioned taste aversion shows that a single pairing of food with illness can lead to long-lasting avoidance of that food, even with delay, because food is strongly associated with feeling sick. 3. Studies on birdsong learning found that birds learn songs during a sensitive period simply by listening, with no response or reinforcement needed, and then practice and modify songs the following spring through trial and error.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    10 views16 pages

    Variations of Learning

    Uploaded by

    Antonette Arma
    1. Learning is influenced by evolutionary preparedness, as animals are primed to learn associations that were useful in their natural habitats. 2. Conditioned taste aversion shows that a single pairing of food with illness can lead to long-lasting avoidance of that food, even with delay, because food is strongly associated with feeling sick. 3. Studies on birdsong learning found that birds learn songs during a sensitive period simply by listening, with no response or reinforcement needed, and then practice and modify songs the following spring through trial and error.

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    VARIATIONS OF

    LEARNING
    PREPAREDNESS
     theconcept that evolution has
    prepared us to learn some
    associations more easily than
    others
     Animalsare evolutionarily
    prepared to learn the associations
    that are useful in their natural
    habitat
    Psychologists were at one time
    convinced that learning occurs only
    between events happening within
    seconds of each other. However, that
    generalization fails in certain
    situations. Why?
    CONDITIONED TASTE
    AVERSION
     First documented by John Garcia
     Animals,including people, learn to
    avoid foods, especially unfamiliar ones,
    if they become ill afterward. This type
    of learning occurs reliably after a
    single pairing of food with illness,
    even with a long delay between them.
    Illness is associated much more strongly
    with foods than with other stimuli.
    WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE?
     In nature, the food you eat
    predicts whether you will feel
    full or hungry, healthy or sick.
    It doesn’t predict pain on your
    skin. In contrast, what you see or
    hear might predict pain, but it
    seldom has anything to do with
    nausea.
     In an experiment by John Garcia and Robert
    Koelling (1966), water-deprived rats were
    offered a tube of saccharine-flavored water
    set up such that when a rat licked the spout
    of the tube, it turned on a bright light and a
    clicking sound. Each rat experienced the
    taste, light, and noise. Half the rats
    received mild foot shock two seconds after
    they licked the tube while half of the rats
    received x-rays, which produced mild nausea.
    The procedure was repeated multiple times
    after recovery. In the final test, rats could
    drink from a tube containing saccharine-
    flavored water, or from a separate tube
    containing unflavored water but connected to
    the light and clicking sound.
    Result and Interpretation
     Ratsthat had been shocked avoid the
    tube with lights and noises while rats
    that had been nauseated by x-rays
    avoid the saccharine-flavored water.
     Whena rat (or almost any other
    animal) receives shock to its feet, it
    learns to avoid the lights or sounds
    that it detects at the time. When it
    becomes nauseated, it learns to avoid
    something that it ate.
    BIRDSONG LEARNING
     Infantbirds of some species must
    hear their songs during a
    sensitive period early in life if
    they are to develop a fully normal
    song the following spring. During
    the early learning, the bird makes
    no response and receives no
    reinforcement.
     Formost species, song is limited
    to males during the mating season.
    Some have built-in songs but some
    have to learn it.
     Songlearning is unlike standard
    examples of classical and operant
    conditioning. During sensitive
    period, infant only listens, with
    no response and reinforcement.
     The following spring, bird starts
    to sing in a trial-and-error
    process.
     Mixture of Sounds —> Elimination of
    Sounds —> Rearrangement of Sounds
    to match the song he heard last
    summer.
     Later in life, he may modify his
    song defending on competing noises.
    In Birdsong Learning,
    learning occurs even when
    learner makes no response or
    receives no reinforcement.
    SOCIAL LEARNING
     Welearn about many behaviors by
    observing the behaviors of
    others.

    • Modeling and Imitation


     Youmodel your behavior after
    others or imitate others.
    WHY DO WE IMITATE?
     other people’s behavior often
    provides information
     other people’s behavior
    establishes a norm or rule
     you automatically imitate many
    other actions that you see, often
    with no apparent motivation
    Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross,
    and Sheila Ross (1963) studied
    the role of imitation for
    learning aggressive behavior.
     Witnessing violence increases
    the probability of violent
    behavior.
    • Vicarious Reinforcement and
    Punishment
     We tend to imitate behaviors that
    lead to reinforcement for other
    people. We are less consistent in
    avoiding behaviors that are
    unsuccessful for others.
     Vicarious Reinforcement works better
    than Vicarious Punishment, because
    most people do not identify with
    someone who failed or received
    punishment.
    • Self-Efficacy in Social
    Learning
     the belief of being able to perform
    the task successfully
    • Self-Reinforcement and Self-
    Punishment
     Once people have decided to try to
    imitate a certain behavior, they set
    goals for themselves and sometimes
    provide their own reinforcements.

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