Respiration: Ms. K. Smith Bhs-Biology 6 Form

RESPIRATION
MS. K. SMITH
BHS- BIOLOGY 6TH FORM
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Purine -adenine linked to a 5C sugar- ribose and
three phosphate groups.
ATP
ATP is the standard unit in which the energy
released during respiration is stored.
ATP is the universal energy carrier/ currency.
It is an instant source of energy. It is made where
it is needed. It is not stored.
ATP
Energy released from glucose or other molecules during
respiration, is used to make ATP.
When energy is needed ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi ,
and the energy released is used.
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi +30.6kJ of energy
Enzyme used ATPase
ATP is used in other processes such
as:
Contraction of muscle fibres (movement)
Active transport of ions- nervous transmission
Synthesis of large organic molecules such as
proteins and nucleic acids
Cell division
Respiration is a process in which organic molecules act as
a fuel to synthesize energy.
The main fuel for most cells is carbohydrates.
C6H1206 +6O2 6CO2+6H20+38 ATP
Respiration
The cellular respiration of glucose is
outlined in 4 main stages:
Glycolysis
The link reaction
Kreb’s cycle /(Citric acid cycle)
/Tricarboxylic cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation or Electron
Transport Chain
Site of Respiration
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
The link reaction in the mitochondria.
The Kreb’s cycle occurs in the
matrix of the mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in
the inner membranes of the mitochondria.
Mitochondria
Structure
0.5-1.0um
Glycolysis
This is the splitting or lysis of glucose into 2
molecules of pyruvate.
2 molecules of ATP are used in the first stages
to activate the glucose molecule.
In the end , 4 ATP are made , 2 NAD molecules
are reduced
E:\6th form- movies\respiration\Yield of Glycolysis.mov
Glycolysis
•The 1st stage of Glycolysis- glucose is primed by
phosphorylation to glucose 6- phosphate.
•Glucose 6-phosphate changes to fructose 6- phosphate in

an isomerisation reaction.
•Fructose 6- phosphate is phosphorylated to Fructose 1,6

diphosphate.
•The six carbon molecule is then split into 2 3-carbon

Triose phosphate (phosphoglyceraldehyde)
Glycolysis
•The (2) triose phosphate (phoshoglyceraldehyde/
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is then oxidised and a
phosphate molecule added to each to form (2) 1,3
(bis)/diphosphoglycerate. 2 NADH2 forms at this point.
•The (2) 1,3- diphosphoglycerate forms (2) 3-

phosphoglycerate by the removal of phosphate by ADP
resulting in 2 ATP.
•The 3-phosphogylcerate then forms 2-phosphoglycerate.
•Water is then removed to form (2) phosphoenolpyruvate.
•Removal of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to form 2
ATP results in (2) pyruvate forming.
• 4 ATP is made in total but the net yield of energy is 2

molecules of ATP.
Glycolysis in detail
The Link Reaction
Pyruvate + coA+ NAD acetyl coA + CO2 + reduced

NAD
Pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed),

dehydrogenated ( Hydrogen removed)
combined with a compound called co- enzyme A
The Link Reaction
Co enzyme A acts as a carrier of acetyl groups to the

Kreb’s cyle.
The hydrogen removed from pyruvate is transferred to
NAD.
The enzyme used is pyruvate dehydrogenase
The Link Reaction
Co enzyme A acts as a carrier of acetyl groups to the

Kreb’s cyle.
The hydrogen removed from pyruvate is transferred to
NAD.
The enzyme used is pyruvate dehydrogenase
The Krebs cycle
 The cycle is a closed pathway of enzyme controlled reactions that
begins in the matrix of the mitochondria.
 Acetyl Co A (2C) combines with a four carbon compound –

Oxaloacetate (4C) to form a six carbon compound- Citric acid (6C).
 The citrate forms its isomer isocitrate (6C)in a reversible reaction.

The middle reactions of Krebs
cycle
The 6c compound is then decarboxylated and
dehydrogenated to a-keto glutarate (5 C) to give CO2
and reduced NAD.
a-keto glutarate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated

to succinyl CoA.( 4 C). CO2 and reduced NAD is
released
Succinyl CoA reacts with to form succinate. ATP is

formed from ADP.
6th form- movies\respiration\middle reactions of citric
acid cycle.mov
The last stages of the Krebs cycle
Succinate is oxidized to Fumarate. FADH2 is
formed.
Fumarate is changed to malate.
Malate is then oxidized to regenerate
oxaloacetate. Reduced NAD is formed.
 This can then be recombined with acetyl CoA
for another turn of the cycle
form- movies\respiration\last stages of citric

acid cycle.mov
Krebs cycle in detail
Summary of the Krebs cycle
For each turn in the cycle
two CO2 molecule are
produced,
one FADH2
three NADH + H+
one ATP
Krebs cycle makes no

use of molecular
oxygen. However
oxygen is necessary
for oxidative
phosphorylation.
Substrate level phosphorylation
This is a process of forming ATP by the physical
addition of a phosphate group to ADP from an
intermediate compound or substrate.
Example:
1. it takes place during glycolysis (cytoplasm)
2. and during the Krebs cycle (inside the matrix of
mitochondria)
Find a partner
Turn to your partner and explain Gylcolysis
and the Kreb’s cycle to that person. ( 5 mins)
Do you
understand?
Not
really!!
=
How is NAD and FAD derived? Why is it important for

the generation of energy?
NAD- Nicotinamide- adenine dinucleotide

FAD- Flavin adenine dinucleotide
NAD- nicotinic acid (vitamin B3)

FAD- riboflavin (vitamin B2)
They act as carriers of hydrogen ions and electrons to
the electron transport chain.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron
Transport Chain)
 Pairs of electrons derived from reduced NAD and FADH2 are
passed through a chain of carrier molecules to molecular oxygen
which is the ultimate electron acceptor in respiration.
This process is called electron transport.
 The energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP comes from

the activity of the electron transport chain. 6th form-
movies\respiration\electron_tran_chain_atp_pro.mov
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron
Transport Chain)
The electron transport chain occurs in cristae of
mitochondria using integral membrane proteins
These proteins form 4 huge complexes
Complex I
Complex II
Complex III
Complex IV- cytochrome c oxidase
They are made up of coenzymes and cytochromes
which act as carriers and pumps
Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2 are passed to the
electron transport chain.
Hydrogen removed from the two

carriers are each split into H+ and e/. NADH +H+
The electrons from reduced NAD is

NAD+ +2H++2e’
transferred to the first carrier in the
electron transport chain- complex I FADH2
Reduced FAD binds to complex II.
FAD +2H++2e’
As the electrons passes from
a carrier of a higher energy
level to one that is a lower
energy level- energy is
released which is used to
pump H+ across the
membrane -( from matrix to
intermembrane space)
 The electrons ultimately pass to oxygen along with protons to form
water. This takes place at the final electron carrier complex IV-
cytochrome oxidase.
 How is ATP actually made?

 An electrochemical gradient is created across the inner
mitochondria membrane.
 The electrical potential energy is used to synthesize ATP as H+ are
passed back into the matrix via ATP synthase enzyme.
The chemiosmosis theory
thus explains the synthesis of
ATP.
For each NADH= 3 ATP
For each FADH2= 2 ATP
WHY?
How many ATP
molecules is
made from 1
glucose
molecule?
Summary ( Old method)
1NADH- 3 ATP: 1FADH2- 2 ATP
Stage ATP NADH FADH CO2 O2
+H+ 2
used
Glycolysis __2_ 2 0 0 0
The link reaction __0_ 2 0 __2_ 0
Krebs cycle __2 6 2 _4 0
Oxidative 34 0 0 0 6
phosphorylation/
The electron
transport chain
Summary ( New method)
1NADH- 2.5 ATP: 1FADH2- 1.5 ATP
Stage AT NADH FADH CO2 O2

P +H+ 2
used
Glycolysis __2 2 0 0 0
_
The link reaction __0 2 0 __2_ 0
_
Krebs cycle __2 6 2 _4 0
Oxidative 28 0 0 0 6
phosphorylation/
The electron
transport chain
Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase – it prevents
intra cellular oxygen utilization
Some poisons act by making proton channels in

membranes and there by stop the synthesis of ATP.
Draw a flow chart to show the stages in cellular
respiration of glucose.
What is the role of oxygen in oxidative
phosphorylation?
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 When oxygen is not present hydrogen cannot be disposed of by
combination with oxygen.
 The ETC stops working and no further ATP is formed by

oxidative phosphorylation.
Opening Activity
Put one hand up and the other hand hanging at your
side.
Then start clenching the hand that is in the air
rapidly, until the teacher says stop.
What did you feel?
Why did you get that feeling?
Anaerobic Glycolysis
In Mammals
If there is no
oxygen present
then the pyruvate
is converted to a
substance called
lactate.
As the lactate
(lactic acid)
builds up in the
muscles they will
feel sore.
Oxygen Debt ?
The oxygen needed to fully oxidise the lactate

produced by anaerobic respiration.
In Plants and Yeast
Yeast is a small
(microscopic)
unicellular fungus
that can use
glycolysis to
produce pyruvate,
but they convert
the pyruvate to
ethanol (Ethyl
alcohol).
Consider the following questions.
1. What are the similarities and differences between

Photophosphorylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation?
2. What is the role of oxygen in respiration?
3. Compare oxidative phosphorylation and Oxidative
decarboxylation
4. What is the role of NAD in respiration?
5. What are the main features of Oxidative phosphorylation
6. What happens to pyruvate so that Krebs cycle can continue?
7. What is difference between substrate level phosphorylation and
oxidative phosphorylation?
RESPIROMETER
An instrument used to measure the rate of
respiration.

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RESPIRATION

•Glucose 6-phosphate changes to fructose 6- phosphate in

•Fructose 6- phosphate is phosphorylated to Fructose 1,6

•The six carbon molecule is then split into 2 3-carbon

•The (2) 1,3- diphosphoglycerate forms (2) 3-

• 4 ATP is made in total but the net yield of energy is 2

Pyruvate + coA+ NAD acetyl coA + CO2 + reduced

Pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed),

Co enzyme A acts as a carrier of acetyl groups to the

Co enzyme A acts as a carrier of acetyl groups to the

 Acetyl Co A (2C) combines with a four carbon compound –

 The citrate forms its isomer isocitrate (6C)in a reversible reaction.

a-keto glutarate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated

Succinyl CoA reacts with to form succinate. ATP is

form- movies\respiration\last stages of citric

Krebs cycle makes no

How is NAD and FAD derived? Why is it important for

NAD- Nicotinamide- adenine dinucleotide

NAD- nicotinic acid (vitamin B3)

 The energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP comes from

Hydrogen removed from the two

The electrons from reduced NAD is

 How is ATP actually made?

Stage AT NADH FADH CO2 O2

Some poisons act by making proton channels in

 The ETC stops working and no further ATP is formed by

The oxygen needed to fully oxidise the lactate

1. What are the similarities and differences between

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