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    Covid Class

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    Erica Nicole C. Labial
    This document provides information about various topics in organic chemistry including stereoisomers, organic reactions, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. It defines stereoisomers as isomers that have the same composition but differ in the orientation of parts in space, including enantiomers and diastereomers. It also outlines the four main types of organic reactions - addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement - and provides examples of reaction mechanisms and products for common reactions of alkenes and alkynes like hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration, and oxidation.

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    Covid Class

    Uploaded by

    Erica Nicole C. Labial
    30 views36 pages
    This document provides information about various topics in organic chemistry including stereoisomers, organic reactions, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. It defines stereoisomers as isomers that have the same composition but differ in the orientation of parts in space, including enantiomers and diastereomers. It also outlines the four main types of organic reactions - addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement - and provides examples of reaction mechanisms and products for common reactions of alkenes and alkynes like hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration, and oxidation.

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    This document provides information about various topics in organic chemistry including stereoisomers, organic reactions, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. It defines stereoisomers as isomers that have the same composition but differ in the orientation of parts in space, including enantiomers and diastereomers. It also outlines the four main types of organic reactions - addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement - and provides examples of reaction mechanisms and products for common reactions of alkenes and alkynes like hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration, and oxidation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views36 pages

    Covid Class

    Uploaded by

    Erica Nicole C. Labial
    This document provides information about various topics in organic chemistry including stereoisomers, organic reactions, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. It defines stereoisomers as isomers that have the same composition but differ in the orientation of parts in space, including enantiomers and diastereomers. It also outlines the four main types of organic reactions - addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement - and provides examples of reaction mechanisms and products for common reactions of alkenes and alkynes like hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration, and oxidation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    COVID CLASS

    MAKE-UP CLASS
    STEREOISOMERS
    • isomers that have the same composition but that differ in the
    orientation of those parts in space.

    2 KINDS OF STEREOISOMERS
    • Enantiomers
    • Diastereomers
    ENANTIOMERS
    • Molecules that are mirror
    images but non-
    superimposable

    • 1 chiral center = 1 enantiomer

    • Both have opposite


    configurations (R&S)
    ENANTIOMERS
    R/S CONFIGURATION
    R Configuration
    • R means Rectus or Right
    • Clockwise

    S Configuration
    • S means Sinister or Left
    • Counterclockwise  Bigger Molecular weight, higher priority
     No to body shaming
    DIASTEREOMERS
    • Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another and are non-
    superimposable on one another.
    • Stereoisomers with two or more stereocenters can be diastereomers.
    CIS-TRANS ISOMERS IN ALKENES

    CIS TRANS
    • Same side • opposite side
    • For disubstituted alkenes • For disubstituted alkenes
    • less stable than their trans • more stable than the cis
    isomers due to steric strain isomer
    E/Z DESIGNATION
    More than 2 types of substituents

    Z (German: together) E (German: Opposite)


    • higher priority grps are on the • higher priority grps are on opposite
    same side of the double bond. sides of the double bond.
    4 KINDS OF ORGANIC REACTIONS

    1. Addition
    2. Elimination
    3. Substitution
    4. Rearrangement
    ADDITION REACTION
    • ALL reactants add together
    • Double bond to Single Bond
    • 2 Groups added to ADJACENT Carbons
    ELIMINATION REACTION
    • 2 Groups are removed from adjacent carbons
    • Replaced by Pi-bond
    SUBSTITUTION REACTION
    • 2 reactants EXCHANGE Substituents
    • AKA “The Pinagpalit”
    REARRANGEMENT REACTION
    • When a single reactant undergoes reorganization of bonds to
    form an isomer
    • “Hindi pinagpalit, iniba lang ang sched”
    REACTION MECHANISM

    • Description of how a reaction occurs

    • Provides detailed explanation on how the bonds formed


    and where the electrons will transfer/delocalize
    2 WAYS TO BREAK A COVALENT
    BOND
    1. SYMMETRICAL 1. UNSYMMETRICAL
    – Radical Forming – Polar Forming
    – Equal split of electrons – Unequal split of electrons
    – Uncommon – More common
    PHILE PHILE NOT PEDOPHILE
    1. ELECTROPHILE 1. NUCLEOPHILE
    – Positive or Partially Positive – Negative or Partially Negative
    – Attracted to Electrons – Attracted to Positive charge

    TEST: E, N, or BOTH
    1. NO2+ 3. CH3H2N
    2. CN- 4. (CH3)3S+
    NOTE!
    • Electrons flow from Nucleophile to Electrophile
    • Negative to Positive
    REACTIONS OF ALKENES
    • There are more than 10 but we will focus on the 5 most
    common

    1. HYDROGENATION
    2. HYDROHALOGENATION
    3. HALOGENATION
    4. HYDRATION
    5. OXIDATION (Acidic or Basic Medium)
    HYDROGENATION
    • Key word: HYDROGEN
    • Addition of H2
    • Catalytic Reduction/Elimination
    • SYN addition because of Metal Catalyst

    Pt
    HYDROHALOGENATION
    • Key word: HYDRO & HALOGEN
    • Addition of Hydrogen & Halogen (H-X)
    • Carbocation formation
    • Markovnikov's Rule
    HYDROHALOGENATION

    HYDRIDE SHIFT is a carbocation ask


    rearrangement in which a hydrogen atom in a
    WHAT IS A
    carbocation migrates to the carbon atom
    bearing the formal charge of +1 from an
    METHYL SHIFT?
    adjacent carbon.
    HALOGENATION
    • Addition of Br & Cl to Alkenes
    • Anti-addition
    • Bromonium Ion instead of Carbocation
    • Formation of Vicinal Dihalide
    HALOGENATION
    HYDRATION
    • Addition of H2O to form Alcohols
    • Formation of Carbocation intermediate
    • Requires catalyst to form H3O+ to break pi-bonds
    HYDRATION
    HYDRATION
    OXIDATION
    • 2 OUTCOMES
    a) HYDROXYLATION b) OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE
    • KMnO4 in Basic Medium • KMnO4 in Acidic Medium
    • Addition of -OH Group to each • Breakage of double bond
    C=C
    • Syn Addition
    OXIDATION

    b) OXIDATIVE
    CLEAVAGE
    • KMnO4 in Acidic Medium
    • Breakage of double bond
    ALKYNES
    • Same with Alkenes

    HYDROHALOGENATION

    If HX is in excess, it will proceed to form single bonds.


    HYDROGENATION OF ALKYNES
    • Requires Catalyst to break pi-bond
    • Syn addition

    • Type of catalyst dictates your


    product
    • Lindlar's catalyst proceeds to
    form Alkene
    • Palladium will hydrogenate
    until all are single bonds
    HALOGENATION OF ALKYNES

    • Same with alkenes


    • Anti-addition
    HYDRATION OF ALKYNES
    • For terminal alkynes,
    Enol rearranges to form a
    ketone
    • For internal alkynes,
    mixture of isomers will
    occur just follow
    Markovnikov's rule.
    • Requires strong acid to
    form H3O+ again
    HYDRATION OF ALKYNES
    EXAMPLES

    • Discuss why Pentene proceeds to make only 1 product?


    • Discuss why Pent-2-ene has isomeric products?
    EXAMPLES

    Write the mechanism


    EXAMPLES
    THANKS BEACHES

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