CHILD ABUSE

ZAIDATUL IZZAH BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN

DEFINITION OF CHILD ABUSE
Child abuse is any action by another person – adult or
child – that causes significant harm to a child. It can be
physical, sexual or emotional, but can just as often be
about a lack of love, care and attention.

WHO definition:
• The World Health Organization defines child abuse as
• all forms of abuse whether physical, emotional, sexual,
neglect, abuse, maltreatment or exploitation which may
cause injury or damage to the health, life, development or
dignity of the child done by those who have the
responsibility, trust or authority over the child
 TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Neglect
Domestic abuse
Online abuse
Child sexual exploitation
Female genital mutilation (FGM)
Bullying and cyberbullying
Child trafficking
Grooming
Harmful sexual behaviour
 1. Physical abuse
• when a child is injured by a parent or guardian. An act or
omission would amount to “physical abuse” if they occur
intentionally or with intent to injure the child.
• The examples of physical abuse are kicking, punching,
shaking, strangling, beating until he passes out and
breaking bones.
• While injuries which are always associated with physical
abuse are bruises, scratches, brain damage, bleeding and
some cases involving death.
• Shaking or hitting babies can cause non-accidental head
injuries (NAHI). Sometimes parents or carers will make up
or cause the symptoms of illness in their child, perhaps
giving them medicine they don’t need and making the child
unwell – this is known as fabricated or induced illness (FII).
Gibsy Rose
 2. Sexual abuse
• involvement of children in sexual activities
where they do not fully understand what is
being done or the impact of the consent
given, or the act is something contrary to
role of the family.
• The example of sexual abuse included the
act of having sex with a child, rape, incest,
exposing genitals, sexual sadism, child
prostitution and child pornography. Acts of
molestation like holding, kissing, rubbing
private parts of children and unnatural
sexual behavior are also sexual abuses.

Nurin Jazlin Jazimin

Contact abuse involves touching
activities where an abuser makes Non-contact abuse involves non-touching activities, such as grooming,
physical contact with a child, exploitation, persuading children to perform sexual acts over the internet
including penetration. It includes: and flashing. It includes:
- sexual touching of any part of the - encouraging a child to watch or hear sexual acts
body whether the child's wearing - not taking proper measures to prevent a child being exposed to sexual
clothes or not activities by others
- rape or penetration by putting an - meeting a child following sexual grooming with the intent of abusing
object or body part inside a child's them
mouth, vagina or anus
- online abuse including making, viewing or distributing child abuse images
- forcing or encouraging a child to
take part in sexual activity - allowing someone else to make, view or distribute child abuse images
- making a child take their clothes - showing pornography to a child
off, touch someone else's genitals - sexually exploiting a child for money, power or status (child exploitation).
or masturbate
 3. Emotional abuse
• Emotional abuse is the ongoing emotional maltreatment of a child. It’s sometimes called
psychological abuse and can seriously damage a child’s emotional health and development.
• Example of emotional abuse included:
• humiliating or constantly criticizing a child
• threatening, shouting at a child or calling them names
• making the child the subject of jokes, or using sarcasm to hurt a child
• blaming, scapegoating
• making a child perform degrading acts
• not recognizing a child's own individuality, trying to control their lives
• pushing a child too hard or not recognizing their limitations
• exposing a child to distressing events or interactions such as domestic abuse or drug taking
• failing to promote a child's social development
• not allowing them to have friends
• persistently ignoring them
• being absent
• manipulating a child
• never saying anything kind, expressing positive feelings or congratulating a child on successes
• Effect to the child included:
• overly affectionate towards strangers or people they haven't known for very
long
• lack confidence or become anxious
• appear to not have a close relationship with their parent or guardian
• exhibit aggressive behavior or act nasty towards other children and animals
• use foul language or act in a markedly different way to other children at the
same age
• struggle to control strong emotions
• lack social skills
4. Neglect
• the persistent and serious failure to provide basic physical, emotional and
developmental needs in terms of health, education, emotional development,
nutrition, shelter and a safe life for children. (Malaysia’s National Policy).
• Neglect occurs when caretakers fail to provide children with essential food,
clothing, shelter, medical care, education, nurturance, or love.
• Effect to the child because of negligent:
• A child may be left hungry or dirty, without adequate clothing, shelter, supervision,
medical or health care.
• A child may be put in danger or not protected from physical or emotional harm.
• They may not get the love, care and attention they need from their parents.
• experience delays in physical and psychosocial development
• A child who's neglected will often suffer from other abuse as well. Neglect is dangerous
and can cause serious, long-term damage - even death
 Physical neglect
Educational neglect
Failing to provide for a child’s basic needs
such as food, clothing or shelter. Failing to Failing to ensure a child receives an
adequately supervise a child,or provide for education.
their safety.

Neglect can be
categorized:

Emotional neglect
Medical neglect
Failing to meet a child’s needs for
nurture and stimulation, perhaps by Failing to provide appropriate health care,
ignoring, humiliating, intimidating or including dental care and refusal of care or
isolating them. It’s often the most ignoring medical recommendations
difficult to prove.
 • Table I below shows the annual data of reported CAN cases to the Department of Social Welfare according to
the various types of CAN, showing increasing numbers of reports.

Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Type of Abuse
Abandoned 121 98 26 68 53 63
Neglect 357 389 563 601 682 761
Physical 354 410 445 431 495 586
Sexual * 324 430 529 566 679 754
Emotional 32 32 63 77 50 45
Incest NA NA 30 57 49 21
Others 54 31 0 0 0 49
Total 1242 1390 1656 1800 1999 2279

Source: Department of Social Welfare, 2018

Note: *Excludes incest if figures for incest available
NA - Not Available
5. Other types:
• Domestic abuse is any type of controlling, bullying, threatening or violent
behaviour between people in a relationship. emotional, physical, sexual,
financial or psychological abuse.
• Online abuse is any type of abuse that happens on the web, whether
through social networks, playing online games or using mobile phones.
Children and young people may experience cyberbullying, grooming,
sexual abuse, sexual exploitation or emotional abuse.
• Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a type of sexual abuse. Children in
exploitative situations and relationships receive something such as gifts,
money or affection as a result of performing sexual activities or others
performing sexual activities on them.
• Female genital mutilation (FGM) Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the
partial or total removal of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons.
It's also known as female circumcision or cutting.
• Bullying and cyberbullying Bullying is behaviour that hurts someone else. It
includes name calling, hitting, pushing, spreading rumours, threatening or
undermining someone.
• Child trafficking and modern slavery are child abuse. Children are recruited,
moved or transported and then exploited, forced to work or sold.
• Grooming is when someone builds an emotional connection with a child to
gain their trust for the purposes of sexual abuse, sexual exploitation or
trafficking.
REFERENCES
• https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect
/
• https://www.biography.com/news/gypsy-rose-blanchard-mother-dee-
dee-murder
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241532.php
• https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/mental-disord
ers-in-children-and-adolescents/social-anxiety-disorder-in-children-an
d-adolescents
• http://www.ism.gov.my/en/ism-media-eng/news-clipping/news-clippi
ng/101-new-straits-times-many-child-abuse-cases-go-unreported
CHILD ABUSE – PART II
BY: SYAFIKAH BINTI SAEIDIN
136021
33
PROBLEM STATEMENT
• In 2017, WHO estimated that up to 1 billion minors between the ages of
2 and 17 years of age have endured violence either physical, emotional,
or sexual abuse.
• According to UNICEF, from 2014 over 120 million children being sexually
abuse is estimated.
• In 2017, UN organization reported in 38 low and middle income
countries, almost 17 million adult women admitted having a forced
sexual relationship during their childhood.
• Mostly, child abuse is committed by parents, relatives, spouses of child
brides or teachers.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Total population: 32.4 million
Child population: 9.4 million
Male child: 4.85 million
Female child: 4.55 million
 According to Bukit Aman’s Sexual, Women and Child Investigation
Division:

1) In 2017, 22% increase in child abuse cases

from 2016. Between 2014 and February
2017, police had investigated 1,498 of such
cases, including those resulting in death.
2) most victims of child abuse were under 7
and that they became “punching bags” to
their dear one.
3) 63 cases of young children and infants
being abused in the first two months of
2017.
• According to Welfare Department’s
statistics in 2018, 14 child abuse
cases occur a day.
• Many more go unreported.
• Police figures show that in the past
five years, only 1,559 cases were
reported.
• According to Deputy Women, Family and Community Development
Minister Hannah Yeoh:
1) The cases committed by mothers were 7,805 while fathers were
5,190
2) suspects who committed repeated offences increased to 5.62% in
2018 compared with 4.67% in 2017
• According to society welfare department (JKM), in 2016 1488 cases
committed by mothers, 975 cases by fathers and 599 by child’s
partners.
According to Welfare Department (JKM),
1) most of child being abused were Malay
which is 3474 out of 4982 cases
2) Selangor and Kuala Lumpur had the
highest number of cases
3) Male child involved in physical abuse cases
is slightly higher
4) Female child involved in sexual abuse
cases is higher
According to Royal Police Malaysia
(PDRM),

1) In 2018, 3308 cases reported

2) Out of them 1921 is sexual abuse
cases
3) In total from 2010 - Mei 2017
22,234 cases of sexual abuse.
4) Most of victim know their abuser
5) Percentage of girls being sexually
abuse is much higher.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Total population: 1.37 million
Child population: 472 million
• 2/3 child is being physically abuse and 88.6 % is physically abuse by
parents
• Every second child is emotionally abuse and 83% is emotionally abuse by
parents
 Higher levels of abuse evident
at 5-12 years of age
 Persons in trusts and
authority major abusers
 70% of abused children never
reported the matter to
anybody
• According to the report on crimes in India for 2016, released by Indian
Home Minister Rajnath Singh in Delhi, 106,958 cases of crimes against
children were recorded in 2016.
• Of these, 36,022 cases were recorded under Pocso (Protection of
Children from Sexual Offences) Act.

• In India, a child is sexually abused

every 15 minutes, according to
the latest government figures.
• India has the largest number of
sexually abused children in the
world.
• A steady upward trend with a significant increase more than 500% over
period of past one decade (106,958 in 2016 over 18,967 in 2006)
Rate of crime against children is defined as number of crimes for
every 1,00,000 population of children. States having the highest
rate of crime in 2016 is as below:
CAUSES CHILD ABUSE
 CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE
• A combination of individual, relational, community and societal
factors contribute to risk of child maltreatment or abuse.
• These risk factors will provide an overview to understand the causes
of child abuse and divided to characteristics of the following:

1) Child
2) Parent or caregiver
3) Relationship
4) Community and societal factors
 CHILD
• Children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment.
• The characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood
of being maltreated:

1) Being either under 4 years old or an

adolescent
2) Being unwanted, or failing to fulfil
the expectations of parents
3) Having special needs, crying
persistently or having abnormal
physical features
 PARENTS OR CAREGIVER

The characteristics of a parent or caregiver may increase the risk of

child maltreatment. These include:

• difficulty bonding with a newborn

• not nurturing the child
• experienced maltreated themselves
as a child
• lacking awareness of child
development or having unrealistic
expectations
 PARENTS OR CAREGIVER
• misusing alcohol or drugs, including during pregnancy
• being involved in criminal activity
• having financial difficulties
 RELATIONSHIP
Following characteristics of relationships within families or among
intimate partners, friends and peers may increase the risk of child
maltreatment. These include:

• physical, developmental or mental health problems of a family

member
• family breakdown or violence between other family members
• being isolated in the community or lacking a support network
• a breakdown of support in child rearing from the extended
family.
COMMUNITY AND SOCIETAL FACTORS
characteristics of communities and societies may increase the risk of
child maltreatment. These include:

• gender and social inequality

• lack of adequate housing or services to support families and
institutions
• high levels of unemployment or poverty
• the easy availability of alcohol and drugs
COMMUNITY AND SOCIETAL FACTORS
• inadequate policies and programs to prevent child maltreatment,
child pornography, child prostitution and child labor
• social and cultural norms that promote or glorify violence towards
others, support the use of corporal punishment, demand rigid gender
roles, or diminish the status of the child in parent–child relationships
• social, economic, health and education policies that lead to poor
living standards, or to socioeconomic inequality or instability
 REFERENCES
• https://www.nst.com.my/news/exclusive/2018/10/418676/child-abuse-w
e-are-not-doing-enough-about-it
• https://www.nst.com.my/news/exclusive/2018/07/388571/exclusive-igno
re-child-abuse-your-own-risk
• https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/02/17/child-abuse-cases
-still-high-overuse-of-internet-adds-to-problem/
• https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
• https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/doctors-to-be-sensitised-o
n-reporting-child-abuse-cases/article5930697.ece
• https://jiltedindianpod.com/2018/01/09/s2-e4-the-model-daughter/
• https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/child/Child_m
altreatment_infographic_EN.pdf?ua=1
 THANK YOU…

LOVE YOUR CHILDREN

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

SHARANYA MANI
140203 (40)
 1 2 3 4 5
Strengthen Change social Provide quality Enhance Intervene to
economic norms to support care and parenting skills lessen harms and
supports to parents and education early to promote prevent future
families positive in life healthy child risk
parenting development

PRIMARY PREVENTION
 SECONDARY PREVENTION

TELEPHONE CHILDREN’S CHILD FAMILY

HOTLINE – 999, ACTIVITY PROTECTION CENTRES
TALIAN NUR CENTRES TEAMS
(2007), (PUSAT (PASUKAN
CHILDLINE AKTIVITI PERLINDUNGA
MALAYSIA KANAK- N KANAK-
KANAK) KANAK -
PPKK)
 Child protection unit Care home and
Child act 2001
(CPU) institutions

United nations
Emergency medical
international
services (OSCC & Children’s home
children’s funding
SCAN team)
(UNICEF)

TERTIARY PREVENTION
Statistics from WHO report, 2014
 AGENCIES TO PREVENT CHILD
ABUSE IN MALAYSIA

GOVERNMENT NGO’S
• MALAYSIAN ASSOCIATION FOR PROTECTION
• DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE (JKM)
OF CHILDREN (MAPC)
• UNICEF MALAYSIA • SUKA SOCIETY
• SHELTER
• MALAYSIA CHILD RESOURCE INSTITUTE
(MCRI)
• SURIANA WALFARE SOCIETY MALAYSIA
• DIGNITY FOR CHILDREN FOUNDATION
 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE (JKM)

• CHILD PROTECTION TEAM (PPKK)

- children’s activity centre (PAKK) has been established
- 131 PPKK and 135 PAKK throughout the country
- Shelter: Providing a range of activities appropriate to the age of the child.
- Advocacy Centre: Organize lectures / short course to the community,
parents and children.
- Resource centre: Provides reading / reference to children.
- Learning Centre: Classroom coaching / computer / religious classes /
painting class / class drama / speech / poem recital.
- Crisis Intervention Centre: Provides counselling sessions.
- Social Centre / Sports / Recreation: Sports / recreation / cultural programs
/ arts etc
 U N I T E D N AT I O N S I N T E R N AT I O N A L
CHILDREN'S EMERGENCY FUND
( U NI C E F )

• UNICEF’s mission is to work with the government of

Malaysia to achieve the goal of a fully developed
nation with an inclusive, non-discriminatory and
caring society that protects the rights of all children,
including those most marginalized and vulnerable.
• Research to make every child visible,
• Advocacy work for child friendly policy change,
• Capacity-building of the government and partners to
provide quality services to every child,
• Public communication campaigns to change mindsets
and perceptions.
• Youth programme to equip young people to become
agents of change
• Innovative projects to improve the well-being of
children
MALAYSIAN ASSOCIATION SURIANA WALFARE SOCIETY
FOR PROTECTION OF MALAYSIA
CHILDREN (MAPC)
• Programme such as - Child Safe Initiative,
Kid zone, Safe zone
• To advocate for child rights and
raise awareness on child abuse • They have expertise who has many years of
and neglect
experience in training, engagement and
• To protect children from abuse defending the rights of children.
and neglect
• They are part of the Royal Malaysian
• To support abused children
Police Force’s (PDRM) D11 Child
through the legal system to
Protection Team as well as strategic
prevent further trauma
partnerships with other groups that
prioritise child protection.
 AGENCIES TO PREVENT CHILD
ABUSE IN INDIA

GOVERNMENT NGO’S
• MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
• CHILD RIGHTS AND YOU (CRY)
(MWCD)
• CHILDLINE INDIA FOUNDATION
• UNICEF INDIA • SAVE THE CHILDREN
• SMILE FOUNDATION
• GOONJ
SAVE THE CHILDREN SMILE FOUNDATION

• Health & Nutrition • Child education

• Healthcare for families
• Education
• Skills training and
• Child protection livelihood for youth
• Emergencies community
• Engagement through
women empowerment.
 REFERENCE

• https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/prevention.html
• http://www.e-mjm.org/2016/v71s1/research-on-child-abuse.pdf
• http://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal
• https://www.unicef.org/malaysia/
• http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
• Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014, WHO article
• CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA, An Analysis of the System for
Prevention and Response to Abuse, Violence and Exploitation against Children article