DSP

Week 1
DSP is a math class?!
 MORE APPLICATIONS

The DSP
compresses the
digital signals and
removes
background noise.

When you An analog-to-digital In the listener’s Your voice

speak, your converter chip converts cell phone, a exits the
voice is picked your voice, which is an digital-to-analog phone through
up by an analog signal, into digital converter chip the speaker.
analog sensor signals, represented by changes the
in the cell 1s and 0s. digital signals
phone’s back to an analog
microphone voice signal.
- biomedical signals, (heart signals, brain signals)

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

• ECG

Tomography
• Sound and music, as reproduced by the compact disc player

• Video and image,

• Radar signals, which are used to determine the range and bearing of distant targets
DSP has many such applications, Find them?
IMAGE
IMAGE PROCESSING
PROCESSING MILITARY
MILITARY
INSTRUMENTATION
INSTRUMENTATION && CONTROL
Pattern recognition
Pattern recognition SecureCONTROL
Secure communication
communication
Spectrum
Spectrum analysis
analysis
Radar
Robotic vision
Robotic vision Radar processing
processing
Consumer Position
applications
Position and
and rate
rate control
control
Sonar processing
Image
Image enhancement
Consumer applications
enhancement Sonar processing
SPEECH
SPEECH & AUDIO
Noise
& AUDIO reduction
digital,
Satellite cellar
weather
digital, Noise
map
cellar mobile
reduction
mobile phones
Missile
phones
Missile guidance
guidance
Satellite
Speech weather map
recognition
Speech
universal Data
Data compression
recognition
mobilecompression
telecommunication system
animation
universal mobile
animation telecommunication
TELECOMMUNICATION system
Speech
Speech synthesis
synthesis TELECOMMUNICATION
digital
digital television
television Echo cancellation
Text
Text to
to speech
speech Echo cancellation
digital
digital camera
camera Adaptive equalization
digital
digital audio
audio Adaptive equalization
Biomedicalinternet
internet music,
music, phones
phones
Video and
and video
video
conferencing
Biomedical Video conferencing
Patientdigital
digital answer
answer
monitoring machines,
machines,
data fax
fax and
and
communication modems
modems
Patient monitoring data communication
voice
Scannersvoice mail
mail system
system
Scanners
ECG interactive
interactive entertainment
entertainment
(Electrocardiograph) systems
systems
ECG (Electrocardiograph)
X-ray
X-ray storage/enhancement
storage/enhancement
4 Feature of Digital System
Advantages
(1) High accuracy: Floating point-8,16,32,64 bits
(2) High reliability: VLSI (analog: drift, calibration)
(3) Flexible: DSP, Software, FPGA
(4) Easy to integrate
(5) Deal with high dimensional signals
(6) Low costs: reusable, reconfigurable
(7) Data logging
(8) Adaptive capability
 Introduction
1 Basic Concepts about Signal
Definition
A Signal carries information and can be described as a
function of independent variables in mathematics.
Variable of Signals ：
Time/Distance/Temperature/Voltage
One-dimensional Signals ： Single variable y=x(t)
Two-dimensional Signals ： Two variables
Three-dimensional Signals ： Three variables
 Classification of Signal
Continuous-time and discrete-time signal
Analog and digital signal (time and amplitude)
(1) Continuous-time signal ：
(2) Discrete-time signal ： Discrete variableContinuous
amplitude
Time-domain discrete signals
(3) Analog Signal: Continuous variableContinuous amplitude
Speech, Television, Time-domain continuous signals
(4) Digital Signal ： Discrete variablesDiscrete amplitude
Quantized discrete-time signals
 Signal Processing
Representation, transformation and manipulation
of signals and the information they contain.

Signal operation include:

(1) Transform, filter, inspection, spectrum analysis;
(2) Modulation and coding;
(3) Analog Signal Processing;
(4) Digital Signal Processing.

Computer, Semiconduct and Information Science

1960’s-1970’s
 Classification of Signals

• Deterministic Signals
A deterministic signal behaves in a fixed known way with
respect to time. Thus, it can be modeled by a known function
of time t for continuous time signals, or a known function of a
sampler number n, and sampling spacing T for discrete time
signals.

• Random or Stochastic Signals:

In many practical situations, there are signals that either
cannot be described to any reasonable degree of accuracy by
explicit mathematical formulas, or such a description is too
complicated to be of any practical use. The lack of such a
relationship implies that such signals evolve in time in an
unpredictable manner. We refer to these signals as random.
12
 Even and Odd Signals
A continuous time signal x(t) is said to an even signal if it
satisfies the condition
x(-t) = x(t) for all t
The signal x(t) is said to be an odd signal if it satisfies the
condition
x(-t) = -x(t)
In other words, even signals are symmetric about the vertical
axis or time origin, whereas odd signals are antisymmetric
about the time origin. Similar remarks apply to discrete-time
signals.

Example:

even 13
odd odd
 Periodic Signals
A continuous signal x(t) is periodic if and only if there exists
a T > 0 such that
x(t + T) = x(t)
where T is the period of the signal in units of time.
f = 1/T is the frequency of the signal in Hz. W = 2/T is the
angular frequency in radians per second.
The discrete time signal x[nT] is periodic if and only if there
exists an N > 0 such that
x[nT + N] = x[nT]
where N is the period of the signal in number of sample
spacings.

Example:

Frequency = 5 Hz or 10 rad/s

0 0.2 0.4 14
Continuous Time Sinusoidal Signals
A simple harmonic oscillation is mathematically described
as
x(t) = Acos(wt + )
This signal is completely characterized by three parameters:
A = amplitude, w = 2f = frequency in rad/s, and  = phase
in radians.

A T=1/f

15
 Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals
A discrete time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as
x[n] = Acos(wn + ) - < n < 
Properties:
• A discrete time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency is a rational
number.
• Discrete time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an
integer multiple of 2 are identical.
• The highest rate of oscillation in a discrete time sinusoid is attained
when w =  ( or w = - ), or equivalently f = 1/2 (or f = -1/2).

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 16
 Energy and Power Signals
• A signal is referred to as an energy signal, if and only if the
total energy of the signal satisfies the condition
0<E<
• On the other hand, it is referred to as a power signal, if and
only if the average power of the signal satisfies the
condition
0<P<
• An energy signal has zero average power, whereas a power signal
has infinite energy.
• Periodic signals and random signals are usually viewed as power
signals, whereas signals that are both deterministic and non-
periodic are energy signals.

17
2 Basic concepts about system

(1) System
Device or technology of signal processing.

(2) Analog system

System with analog input and output.

(3) Digital system

System with digital input and output.
 Signals and Systems
Basic model:

Input: x Output: y
System:
System: hh

DSP 、 FPGA 、 SOPC 、 SOC 、 Algorithm Codes

12/14/2020 19
In This Course : Three Problems
x y
h

• Given x and h, find y analysis

• Given h and y, find x control
• Given x and y, find h design or
synthesis

12/14/2020 20
3 Processing of analog signal with digital methods

(1) Digitalized process for analog signals

xa(t) Sample Quantizer Coder x(n)

(2) Digital processing method

xa(t) Filter A/D DSP D/A Filter ya(t)

x(n) y(n)
Disadvantages
• Complex: cost and speed

Xa(t) Ya(t)
K

Analog Signal Processing

xa(t) Filter A/D DSP D/A Filter ya(t)

x(n) y(n)

Digital Signal Processing

 Digital Signal Processing &
Digital Filters
1-Introduction
1) Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
– Review of background DSP
– Review of mathematical methods
– Review of discrete-time random
processes and linear systems

Professor A G Constantinides© 23
Digital Signal Processing &
Digital Filters  
2)  Multirate techniques and wavelets
– Introduction to short-time Fourier analysis
– Filter-banks and overlap-add methods of analysis
and synthesis
– Introduction to generalised time-frequency
representation
– Wavelet analysis
– Multirate signal processing
– Interpolation and decimation
– Efficient filter structures for interpolation and
decimation
Professor A G Constantinides© 24
Digital Signal Processing &
Digital Filters  
3) Classical spectrum estimation methods
– Power spectrum, power spectral density functions,
random processes and linear systems
– Introduction to statistical estimation and estimators
– Biased and unbiased estimators
– Einstein/Wiener Khintchine Theorem
– Estimation of autocorrelations
– Means and variances of periodograms
– Smoothed spectral estimates, leakage

Professor A G Constantinides© 25
Digital Signal Processing &
Digital Filters  
4)  Modern spectrum estimation methods
– Introduction to modern spectral estimation:
Principles and approaches
– Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and Efficient
estimators
– The Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) or
Autoregressive Power Spectrum Estimation:
Principles.
– The MEM equations and Levinson/Durbin
algorithm
Professor A G Constantinides© 26
Digital Signal Processing &
Digital Filters  
4)  Modern spectrum estimation methods
(continued)
– Introduction to Linear Prediction
– Linear Predictive Coding using covariances
and correlations
– Cholesky decomposition
– Lattice Filters
– Linear Prediction of Speech Signals

Professor A G Constantinides© 27
Digital Signal Processing &
Digital Filters  
5)  Adaptive signal processing
– Introduction to adaptive signal processing
– Objective measures of goodness
– Least squares and consequences
– Steepest descent
– The LMS and RLS algorithms
– Kalman Filters

Professor A G Constantinides© 28
 Texas Instruments’ TMS320
• Different families and sub-families exist to
support differentfamily
markets.
C2000 C5000 C6000

Lowest Cost Efficiency Performance &

Control Systems Best MIPS per Best Ease-of-Use
 Motor Control Watt / Dollar / Size
 Storage  Wireless phones
 Multi Channel and Multi
 Digital Ctrl Systems  Internet audio players
Function App's
 Digital still cameras
 Comm Infrastructure
 Modems
 Wireless Base-stations
 Telephony
 DSL
 VoIP
 Imaging
 Multi-media Servers
 Video
 TMS320C64x: The C64x fixed-point DSPs offer the industry's highest level of
performance to address the demands of the digital age. At clock rates of up to 1
GHz, C64x DSPs can process information at rates up to 8000 MIPS with costs as
low as $19.95. In addition to a high clock rate, C64x DSPs can do more work each
cycle with built-in extensions. These extensions include new instructions to
accelerate performance in key application areas such as digital communications
infrastructure and video and image processing.
TMS320C62x: These first-generation fixed-point DSPs represent breakthrough
technology that enables new equipments and energizes existing implementations
for multi-channel, multi-function applications, such as wireless base stations,
remote access servers (RAS), digital subscriber loop (xDSL) systems, personalized
home security systems, advanced imaging/biometrics, industrial scanners,
precision instrumentation and multi-channel telephony systems.
TMS320C67x:  For designers of high-precision applications, C67x floating-point
DSPs offer the speed, precision, power savings and dynamic range to meet a wide
variety of design needs. These dynamic DSPs are the ideal solution for demanding
applications like audio, medical imaging, instrumentation and automotive.
 C6000 Roadmap
Object Code Software Compatibility
Multi-core
Multi-core
Floating
Floating Point
Point
C64x
C64x™™ DSP
DSP
Performance

1.1
1.1 GHz
GHz

2nd Generation
C6416
C6416
C6414
C6414
C6412
C6412 C6415
C6415 DM642
DM642
C6411
C6411

est ance
h m
Hig rfor
1st Generation Pe

C6203 C6713
C6713
C6202 C6204 C6205
C6201
C6211 C62x/C64x/DM642:
C62x/C64x/DM642:Fixed
FixedPoint
Point
C6701 C6711 C6712 C67x:
C67x:Floating
FloatingPoint
Point
Time
HOW TO
GET
WHAT YOU WANT ?