CCNA Guide To Cisco Networking Fundamentals: Advanced Switching Concepts
CCNA Guide To Cisco Networking Fundamentals: Advanced Switching Concepts
CCNA Guide To Cisco Networking Fundamentals: Advanced Switching Concepts
Networking Fundamentals
Fourth Edition
• Port states
– STP will cause the ports on a switch or bridge to
settle into a stable state
• Stable states
– The normal operating states of ports when the
root bridge is available and all paths are functioning
as expected
• Transitory states
– Prevent logical loops during a period of transition from
one root bridge to another
• Static VLANs
– Configured port-by-port, with each port being
associated with a particular VLAN
– The network administrator manually types in the
mapping for each port and VLAN
• Dynamic VLAN
– Ports can automatically determine their VLAN
configuration
– Uses a software database of MAC address-to-VLAN
mappings that is created manually
• Frame tagging
– Involves adding a four-byte field to the actual Ethernet
frame to identify the VLAN and other pertinent information
– Makes it easier and more efficient to ship VLAN frames
across network backbones
• Switches on the other side of the backbone can simply read
the frame instead of being required to refer back to a frame-
filtering table
• The two most common types of frame tagging
(encapsulation) are 802.1q and Inter-Switch Link (ISL)
protocol
• Important considerations:
– If you insert a hub into a port on the switch and then
connect several devices to the hub, all the systems
attached to that hub will be in the same VLAN
– If you must move a single workstation that is attached
to a hub with several workstations, you will have to
physically attach the device to another hub or switch
port to change its VLAN assignment
– The more hosts that are attached to individual switch
ports, the greater the microsegmentation and flexibility
the VLAN can offer
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 34
Routers and VLANs
• Router-on-a-stick
– If a single link is used to connect an external router
with the switch containing multiple VLANs
• Trunking is required for inter-VLAN routing
• Trunking is the process of using either ISL or 802.1q
to allow multiple VLAN traffic on the same link
– For instance, an ISL trunk link would encapsulate
each packet with the associated VLAN information
and allow the router to route the packet accordingly