Introduction To GSM: Cellular Mobile

Cellular Mobile Communications-III
Introduction to GSM
Dr. Nasir D. Gohar
AN INTRODUCTION TO GSM
 Second Generation Cellular Mobile Radio Systems-Digital
Cellular Telephony:
 Main Advantages of Digital Cellular Networks
 Higher Spectrum Efficiency
 Speech Encoding
 Better Access Technologies: TDMA and CDMA
 Higher System Capacity
 Aggressive Frequency Reuse
 Low Infra-Structure and Terminal Cost
 Application of VLSI/VVLSI Chips
 Many Traffic Channels per Carrier Channel [Transceivers are shared among several
users)
 Low S/I Ratio (SIR) Allowing Smarter Equipment
 Better Integration with Digital PSTN [ISDN]
 New Services such as Data Communications, Fax, and SMS
 Better Privacy due to Encryption
T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 2

 Digital Cellular Standards
Table-L13.1: Overview of Second Generation Standards
Region Standard Developing Organization Remarks

Europe GSM ETSI Harmonized European Standard
DCS-1800 ETSI GSM Varient for 1800 MHz Band
USA D-AMPS, D-AMPS 1900 TIA [IS-54B, IS-136] Digital AMPS works in 800 MHZ and 1900 MHz Bands
IS-95 CDMA TIA/QualComm[IS-95] Downward Compatible with AMPS, later modified to work with 1900 MHz Band
PCS-1900 ETSI GSM Vairent to work with 1900 MHz Band
Japan PDC NTT Works both in 800 MHz and 1500 MHz
 Why So Many Standards?

 Digital Cellular Standards
Table-L13.2: Overview of Important Technical Parameters of Digital Cellular Standards
Parametrs Frequency
Air Interface
Duplex Speech Tx Power of
Access Tech. Channel BW Mod. Rate H/O
band(Mhz) Separation Encoding MS
Standard
Standard Forward Ch. Reverse Ch.
935-960/1805- 890-915/1710- TDMA, 8 Time

GSM/DCS-1800/PCS- 900/1800
1880/1930- 1785/1850- 45/95/80 Slots, Later 200 KHz 271 Kbps LPC,13 kbps 2W/1W/1W MAHO
1900 /1900
1970 1890 16 Time Slots
869-894/1930- 824-849/1850- VSELP, 7.95

D-AMPS 800/1900
1970 1890
45/80 TDMA, 3 Slots 30 KHz 48.6 Kpbps
kpps
1.2 W MAHO
1.2 to 14.4
Kbps
869-894/1930- 824-849/1850- QSELP, 1.2 to Soft
IS-95 CDMA 800/1900
1970 1890
45/80 CDMA 1.25 MHz Transmitted
8 kbps
0.2 W
Handover
at 1.339
Mchips/s
810-826/1477- 940-956/1429- TDMA, 3
VSELP, 11.2
PDC 800-1500 1489 + 1501- 1441 + 1453- 130/48 Slots, later 6 25 KHz 42 kbps
kbps
0.8 W MAHO
1513 1465 Slots

 Overview of GSM Milestones
 1982 GSM Group, set up by CEPT, started Investigation to reserve a
Spectrum in 900 MHz band for Pan-European Cellular Digital
Telephony
 1986 Two 25 MHz frequency Blocks [890-915 MHz, 935-960 MHz]
reserved by EC, July 01, 1991 set as Introduction date.
Choice of Digital and Narrow band [Approx. 200 KHz] TDMA made.
 1987 13 Operators from 12 European Countries signed MOU to
Support GSM
 1989 ETSI established which took over GSM from CEPT
 1992 Introduction of first Commercial GSM Network
 1994 51 Commercial Networks Established
 1996 More Than 20 Million Subscribers in 191 Networks, More than
Double of all Subscribers of other Digital Systems [D-AMPS,
PDC, IS-95 CDMA]

 2006 More than 2 billion subscribers (30% of world population and
82% of cellular market)

 Implementation Phases of GSM
 Phase-1: Most Essential Services [Voice, Data, SMS] Implemented.

Mostly all Current GSM Systems belong to this Phase.
 Phase-2: Half-Rate Speech Encoding, Doubling the System Capacity,
Several Encryption Algorithms, Conference Call Facility[ up to 5
Participants] ,
Call Waiting Facility,
Information on Call Charges, Calling or Called Part etc.,
Cell-Broadcast [Point to Multi-Point SMS].
Many of the Phase-2 Facilities have already been Implemented by some Manufacturers.
 Phase-2 + GPRS[General Packet radio Service] for Packet Switched
Data Transmission to Support LAN and Internet Traffic.
[Considerably Delayed due to Lack of Interest on part of Network
Operators due to Large Investment required for Infra-Structure and MS
Modifications]
 GSM 3G…..

2G EVOLUTION TO 3G

GSM EVOLUTION

 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 MS MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM
 SIM Card Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

Cost Management Performance Management
 EIN/ESN
 Base Station Subsystem HLR = Home
BTS
(BSS) B HLR Location Register
BTS
S
BTS
 Several Dozens of BTS C
MTX
VLR = Visitor
VLR Location Register
under one BSC
BTS
 Each BTS has 3-5 Carrier BTS
B
S
Channels BTS C GMTX =

Gateway MTX GMTX/
 Network &Switching BTS = Base Transceiver Station
IWF = Inter
Working
IWF To Other Networks
BSC = base Station Controller
Subsystem Function
 MTX [up to 1 M users] MS BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM[BSS] NETWORK & SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
 Call set up , all Other

Functions •GMTX: An Interface to Other Networks
•HLR: Keeps Record of System’s Own Users
•VLR: Keeps Temporary Record of Visitors / Roamers [SID, ST,SVCES]
•Au C/EIR: Manages the Sub. Authentication and Encryption Data
 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-2
MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM
 Management Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

Cost Management Performance Management
Subsystem [Operation
Subsystem (OSS)]
BTS HLR = Home
 Directly or Indirectly BTS
B
S
HLR Location Register
Connected to all Other BTS C
Subsystems MTX
VLR = Visitor
VLR Location Register
 Fault Management BTS

BTS
B
S
 System Configuration BTS C GMTX =
 Performance Management Gateway MTX

IWF = Inter
GMTX/
IWF To Other Networks
BTS = Base Transceiver Station
 Cost Management BSC = base Station Controller
Working
Function
 Security Management
MS BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM[BSS] NETWORK & SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM

 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-3
 GSM Interfaces
 Radio Interface:
Describes Data
Interchange between MS
and BSS
 Abis Interface: Describes
Data Communications
between BTS and BSC,
allows Various
Manufacturers Equipment
 A Interface: Describes
Data Interchange
between BSS and NSS

 LOGICAL CHANNELS

Control Channels
 Control channels fall into three categories:
Broadcast:: BCCH, FCCH, SCH
 One way, from base to mobile
Common Control: RACH, AGCH, PCH
 One way, some from base to mobile and some from mobile to
the base
Dedicated: SDCCH, SACCG, FACCH
 Two-way, stand-alone or embedded in the traffic channels
 All signaling channels share one carrier in a cell
the dedicated control channels may be transmitted on traffic
carriers

Broadcast Channels
 Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
Carries information for frequency correction
 Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Carries information for frame synchronization and for
identification of the BTS
 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Broadcasts general information on the BTS
Broadcasts cell-specific information, e.g. Control channel
organization, frequency hopping sequences, cell
identification, etc.

Common Control Channels

 Paging Channel (PCH) - downlink only
for paging purposes
 Random Access Channel (RACH) - uplink only
used by any MS to request allocation of a signaling channel
(SDCCH)
a slotted Aloha protocol is used, so collisions among MSs may
happen
 Access Grant Channel (AGCH) - downlink only
used to allocate a SDCCH or a TCH
 Notification Channel (NCH) - downlink only
notify MS of voice group and voice broadcast call (ASCI feature)

Dedicated Control Channels
 Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
used for call setup (authentication, signaling,, traffic channel
assignment), location updates and SMS
 Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
always coupled with a SDCCH or TCH
for communicating measurement data and control
parameters
 Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
to respond to increased signaling demand, e.g. during
handover
bandwidth (bit slots) are stolen from the associated TCH
(traffic data are preempted)

Traffic Channels
 GSM support two types of traffic channels
full rate (TCH/F): 22.8 kbps
half rate (TCH/H): 11.4 kbps
 Mapping to physical channel
full rate traffic channel - 1 timeslot
half rate traffic channel - 1 timeslot in alternating frames
 Full rate channel may carry
13 kbps speech or data at 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbps
 Half rate channel may carry
6.5 kbps speech or data at 2.4 or 9.6 kbps

Channel Usage &
MS Terminating Calls

 GSM Call Setup Procedure

 Locating the Subscriber
HLR keeps record of the MSC area which the Subscriber last
registered
VLR keeps record of the Location Area[LA] in which Subscriber last
registered
Location Area: A Group of Neighboring Cells having the same LAC
LAC: Each Cell in the Area Broadcasts this Code
Each Mobile itself periodically registers itself with MSC
 Paging and Random Access Procedure [RAP]
GMSC interrogates HLR for MSC the Subscriber last registered
Call is Switched to that MSC
VLR tells about the LA the user last registered
MSC arranges a Paging in all the Cells in the LA

 GSM Call Setup Procedure-2
 Paging and Random Access Procedure[RAP]-Cont’d
The Mobiles listen to the Paging Channels for their Number
If received a Paging Message, the Mobile starts a RAP
 It sends a Random Number [RN] + Brief Guide to describe the Purpose
 The System [MSC] responds to it by repeating the RN and providing the
decided Channel
 The Mobile listens to this RN, if it is the same, it gets hold of the allocated
Channel
 Reconfirmation is done by the System by sending again the Mobile Number
[in case some other Mobile has also sent the same RN at the same time]
 If the Mobile hears its own number, it responds to the System and thus it
gets connected to the incoming Call,
 If it was a wrong number [other than its own number] it must leave that
Channel.
 In case, a Mobile listens no same RN from the System, it may repeat RAP
at some time later randomly.

CALL PROCESSING &
MOBILE TERMINATING CALLS

CALL PROCESSING &
MOBILE ORIGINATING

 GSM Handover and Routing
 Handover
 The Mobile keeps updating MSC about the RSS levels from the neighboring Cells.
 MSC, while looking at the quality of the existing link, decides whether a Handoff/
Handover is necessary or not.
 If yes, it asks the Candidate Cell to prepare the Channel [ GSM uses Fixed
Channel Assignment]
 When Channel is allocated, it tells the Mobile to move to that Channel
 When Mobile has moved, it deactivates the old Channel
 Routing
 GMSC interrogates HLR to locate the Subscriber by telling the MSC where the
Mobile last registered.
 PROBLEM: Call originated from PSTN in CANADA for a US Mobile roaming in
CANADA will result in two International Calls
“TROMBONE PROBLEM”
????
[Don’t Worry, Be Happy, Other People will Take Care of this Problem]

HANDOVER TYPES
Intra-BSC
Old and new BTSs are
controlled by the same BSC
The MSC is not involved
Intra-MSC
Old and new BTSs are
attached to different BSCs
The BSCs are attached to the
same MSC
Inter-MSC
Handover to a new MSC
Serving MSC becomes anchor
MSC
IMT (Inter Machine Trunk) is
required

 GSM Numbering Scheme and Spectrum Efficiency
 GSM Numbering Scheme
Each GSM Mobile has at least three Numbers:
 MSISDN [Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network] stored in
SIM Card
 SIM Card holds Subscriber ID[MSISDN, IMSI], some Extra Memory to store
phone numbers and Encryption Algorithms
 IMSI[International Mobile Subscriber Identity] not known to the User, HLR
does translation between MSISDN to IMSI and vice versa.
 ESN or IMEI:Permanently stored/wired in the Mobile Station
 Spectrum Efficiency
 TDMA, 200 KHz Channel BW, 8-Time Slots per Carrier Channel
 Radio Spectrum = 2 x 25 MHz bands can support 125[124] Duplex Carrier
Channels and 1000 Traffic Channels [1000 Simultaneous Calls].
 A typical GSM System Cluster Size = 12, so each Cell have Approx. 10 Carrier
Channels and a Capacity of 80 Simultaneous Call [Traffic Channels]
 In case of half-rate Coder, Spectrum Efficiency will be Doubled.

 Technical Realization of GSM
 GSM Speech Communications
 User Speech is Digitized using Adaptive PCM
 Speech Encoding using Linear Predictive Coding [LPC]
 User data flow = 13 kbps [ 6.5 kbps in case of half-rate coding]
 Adding an overhead of 9.8 kbps[for error detection, error correction, and
synchronization], we get an over all user data flow of 22.8 kbps.
 This user data flow is subdivided into short data blocks each of 456 bits, which is
divided into 8 sub-blocks, each of 57 bits, 2 such sub-blocks are used to make a
burst [to fit into a time slot of 0.58 ms]. See frame structure.
 These bursts from a user are interleaved over 8 time slots spread over 8 frames.
 TDMA/FDMA Mechanism
 Each Carrier Channels carries data burst of eight (8) users, each in its
allocated time slot in the frame.
 Time slots are transmitted on several Channels [Carrier Channel or
Frequency]
 Each Carrier Channel transmits the data of 8 users at 271 kbps .

 Technical Realization of GSM [ Cont’d]
 GSM Speech Communications-2
 GSM Carrier Frequencies are numbered 1-124 Channels[Duplex]
Forward Channel = 935.2 MHz + (n-1) * 200 KHz
Reverse Channel = 890.2 MHz + (n-1) * 200 KHz
 Due to slightly more than 200 KHz bandwidth of the modulated signal,
Consecutive Frequencies are not used in the same System
 Also, 1 and 124 Channels are generally not used.
 The Spectrum of 124 Channels is generally not allotted to one Service
Provider.
 Separation between two Duplex paired Channels is 45 MHz.
 Each user’s bursts are transmitted every 4.6ms apart.
97
96
Frequency
95
94
93
92
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frame [4.6ms] Time

SPEECH PROCESSING

SPEECH CODING
SPEECH ENCODER

SPEECH DATA PROCESSING

CHANNEL ENCODING

 INTERLEAVING

 VOICE TRANSMISSION PATH

 GSM Framing Structure
Hyper Frame 3 Hrs 28 Min
1 2048
1 51 One Super Frame Occurs when

1 26 when the Speech and Control Channel
restart at the same time.
Super Frame 6.12 Sec
Multi-Frame 120 ms Multi-Frame 235 ms

1 26 Speech Control 1 51
Traffic Traffic
26 x Frames 4.61 ms 1 8 Each Frame is sub-divided into 8 time-slots 0.58 ms
Preamble
3 57 bits User Speech Data 26 bits 57 bits User Speech Data 3 Time Slot 0.58 ms
GuardTime
Block = 456 Bits

2 . 8 Blocked User Signal
1 .
Inter-Leaved into 8 Time Slots
8 sub-blocks 57 bits each
over 8 Frames
1 81 81 8 1 81 81 81 8 1 8
8 x Frames 4.61 ms, Slot-2 of each Frame is Allocated to the User

 TIME-SLOT STRUCTURE

 FRAME HIERARCHY

 BURST

 TYPES OF BURST
Five different types of bursts
 Normal burst
Traffic and control payload
 Frequency correction burst
All zeroes sequence
 Synchronization burst
A special fixed sequence
 Random access burst
Extended guard period of 68.25 bitts (252 μs)
 Dummy burst

 BURST STRUCTURES

 GSM Modulation Scheme
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying [GMSK] (For Detail see Ch-5 of the
Text Book)
 No Speech, No Transmission
 Saves Energy in MS, Reduces Ave. Interference
 Comfort Noise added for the Listener’s Pleasure.
 GSM MS Power Classes

 Class 1: 20 W Not (yet) Available
 Class 2: 8 W Car Phone
 Class 3: 5 W -
 Class 4: 2 W Normal Pocket Phone
 Class 5: 0.8 W Limited Coverage Phone [Urban Areas Only]
 Maximum Cell Size: Depends on Max. Permitted Delay, 35 km.
 Maximum Mobile Speed: 250 km/hr

 GSM SMS
Individual Messages:
 up to 160 Characters long can be sent and received by MS
 SMS uses Signaling Channel, thus, it can be received during current
Communication Session
 Max. rate 600 bps
Cell Broadcast:
 up to 93 Character long message can be sent to all users in a given area
[Cells].
 Uses Communication Channel, so, can’t be received during current
Communication Session
 Neither Addressed Nor Encrypted
Applications of SMS: .Network Operator Messages, Third Party
Messages, Public Interest Information Messages
SMS Cost: Differs from Operator to Operator and depends on type of
Application

 Technical Realization of GSM
[ Cont’d]
 GSM Security Aspects
GSM provides security about the
identity of MS
Guards against Eavesdropping
 Implementation
User Authentication [A3
Algorithm]: 128 bit Secret
Number, Ki, assigned to each
User, stored in SIM Card as well
as AuC, is used to create SRES
using Ki and 128 bit RAND
number from the network, if
SRES of MS matches with SRES
of the network, the MS is
accepted.

Data Encryption [A8+A5 Algorithm]:
Frame # + (RAND+Ki(Alg-A8))(Alg-A5) -> 144 bit Code Train bit
user Data Train -> [Network]  Frame # + (RAND+Ki(Alg-A8))(Alg-A5)
->Original Message

 Technical Realization of GSM [Cont’d]
 GSM Inter-Connection with Other Networks:
PSTN/ISDN for Voice
 GSM Speech data is Digital and Compressed
 Converted into audio of 3.1 KHz BW
PSTN/ISDN for Data
 For Data Interconnection, Modem Pools are used in GSM Network. Many
Telephone Modems at GMSC/IWF supporting all the important telephone
modem standards V.21[0.3 kbps, AS], V.22[1.2 kbps, AS and S], V.32
[4.8 kbps, S] etc.
PSDN (Basic PAD or Dedicated PAD) for Data
 300 bps to 9600 bps on AS/S links

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GSM
 Frequency Shortage and Extended GSM Band
 In some European countries, up to half GSM band is occupied by Interim
Systems; NMT, ETACS etc.
 Additional frequencies adjacent to GSM band is recommended by
ERO[1996], new terminals for this extended band are not available in bulk
 New Encoding Techniques
 Half-Rate Speech Encoding
 Instead of 13 kbps only 6.5 kbps will be required for the same speech quality
 Standardized in early 1995, but, only few manufacturers have implemented
 lack of interest on part of system suppliers
 fear of investment decrease in network expansion [uCell]
 Enhanced Full Rate [EFR]:Developed by GSM and DCS-1800 Suppliers
 Same 13 kbps speed, but, considerable improvement in speech quality
 More Immunity to transmission errors

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GSM
 Any Cellular Phone may have many Speech Coders, including
FR/HR/EFR, it must be able to switch, and at least support FR for roaming purpose.
 Data Communications over GSM
 General Packet Radio Service[GPRS] offers packet-switched data
communications suitable for LAN and Internet Applications[PVC]
 Requires GPRS enabled Handsets and Changes at BSS[addition of Packet Control
Unit, PCU]
 Option of Upgrading of BTS to support Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution,
EDGE [8-PSK system]
 Multi-band Terminals
 Cellular phones to support more than frequency bands [GSM and DSC-1800 or
GSM and PCS-1900 or GSM/DCS/PCS or many more combinations]
 GSM Moving into 3G Mode
 GSM extends itself into 3G as Universal Mobile Telecomm. Services [UMTS]
 Radio Interface will use WCDMA technology [UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access, UTRA]
in two different modes: FDD [two different frequencies for uplink and downlink] or
TDD[same frequency for both uplink and downlink but time-shared]

The Market Share of GSM Suppliers
[1/97]
 Networking & Switching Subsystems [NSS]
 Ericsson [48 %], Siemens [21 %], Nokia [14 %], and Alcatel [10%] = 93 %
 Others (Lucent, Motorola, Nortel, etc] = 7%
 Basestation Sub-System [BSS]

 Nokia [22%], Motorola [13%], Alcatel [10%] and Ericsson [7%] = 52%
 Others [Italtel, Lucent, Matra, Philips etc] = 48%
 GSM / DCS-1800 / PCS-1900 Mobile Terminals

 Ericsson [25 %], Nokia [24%], MOTOROLA [20 %], SIEMENS [9%] =78 %
 Others [Alcatel, Panasonic, Nortel, etc.] = 22 %
 Due to Licensing Problems, Unfair and Restricted Competition in

GSM Markets

GSM and Health Problems
 GSM Terminals Cause Interference with

 Hearing Aid Devices and
 Pacemakers [Instruments used to regulate the heart functionality of
Heart Patients], and
 Some Research show that GSM phones cause Brain Tumors *
 Inherent in GSM TDMA setup to generate strongly pulsating
transmission signals [Continuously Tx is switched on and off that
generates LF signals 217, 434, 651 Hz]
 * Extensive Research required to prove the validity of GSM Cellular
Phones being the cause of Brain Tumors or Cancer.

GSM Derivative Systems: DCS-1800 & PCS-1900
 Digital Cellular System[DCS]-1800
 Originally started [in 1990] as a separate system, but, later on became just
a GSM variant
 Main modifications were made only in Air Interface
 Developed [by ETSI] particularly for densely populated urban areas
 1.7 - 2.3 GHZ band [ 2 x 75 MHz spectrum, 1710- 1785 + 1805-1888 MHz]
 Duplex separation is 95 MHz, Channel BW is 200 KHz, 374 duplex channels
 Much smaller cells [cells within a building], lower power BTS and MS as
compared to GSM
 handoff problems are much cleverly settled using hierarchical Cell structure
 Max Cell size 8 km with Class 1 MS [1W]
 Max Cell size with Class II[0.25W] even smaller [0.5 -4/5 km]
 International as well as National roaming is possible [Country to Country,
Network to Network, and Intra-Network]
 Half-rate speech coding is possible/EFR is more likely to prevail.

GSM Derivative Systems: DCS-1800 & PCS-1900
 Personal Communication Services [PCS]-1900

 A GSM variant to adapt to US Market
 Frequency band 1900 MHz [1850-1890, 1930-1970 MHz]
 2 x 40 MHz bands with Duplex Separation of 80 MHz
 Channel BW is 200 KHz, 200 Duplex Channels
 TDMA 8 time-slots
 EFR speech encoding is getting more Interest from US Service
Providers

GSM Facing Challenges
 Higher Costs incurred on Network Capacity Increase
 Business Market Saturation
 More Money on Advertisement and Subsidies/Customer Discounts
 Interconnection Costs [to PSTN/ISDN] are very high
 Leased Line Costs to Interconnect own Infra-structural elements
are very high
 High License Costs
 With Implementation of De-regulation policies this will

CHANGE.

REFERENCES
www.utdallas.edu/~nhutnn/cs6v81/LECTURE
_06.pdf
http://www.gsmworld.com
Dr. Veselin Rakocevic
http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~veselin/Wireless
Comms

Introduction To GSM: Cellular Mobile

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To GSM: Cellular Mobile

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To GSM: Cellular Mobile

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cellular Mobile Communications-III

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 2

Region Standard Developing Organization Remarks

DCS-1800 ETSI GSM Varient for 1800 MHz Band

PCS-1900 ETSI GSM Vairent to work with 1900 MHz Band

 Why So Many Standards?

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 3

Table-L13.2: Overview of Important Technical Parameters of Digital Cellular Standards

935-960/1805- 890-915/1710- TDMA, 8 Time

869-894/1930- 824-849/1850- VSELP, 7.95

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 4

PDC, IS-95 CDMA]

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 5

 Phase-1: Most Essential Services [Voice, Data, SMS] Implemented.

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 6

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 7

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 8

 SIM Card Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

Channels BTS C GMTX =

 Call set up , all Other

 Management Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

Connected to all Other BTS C

 Fault Management BTS

 Performance Management Gateway MTX

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 10

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 11

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 12

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 13

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 14

Common Control Channels

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 15

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 16

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 17

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 18

 GSM Call Setup Procedure

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 19

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 20

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 21

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 22

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 23

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 24

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 25

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 26

Frame [4.6ms] Time

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 27

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 28

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 29

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 30

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 31

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 32

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 33

1 51 One Super Frame Occurs when

Multi-Frame 120 ms Multi-Frame 235 ms

26 x Frames 4.61 ms 1 8 Each Frame is sub-divided into 8 time-slots 0.58 ms

Block = 456 Bits

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 34

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 35

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 36

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 37