1. Cells are the smallest unit of life and come in many shapes and sizes.
2. All cells share certain characteristics like a membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and the ability to reproduce.
3. The document describes the structures and functions of organelles found in plant and animal cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
1. Cells are the smallest unit of life and come in many shapes and sizes.
2. All cells share certain characteristics like a membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and the ability to reproduce.
3. The document describes the structures and functions of organelles found in plant and animal cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
1. Cells are the smallest unit of life and come in many shapes and sizes.
2. All cells share certain characteristics like a membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and the ability to reproduce.
3. The document describes the structures and functions of organelles found in plant and animal cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
1. Cells are the smallest unit of life and come in many shapes and sizes.
2. All cells share certain characteristics like a membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and the ability to reproduce.
3. The document describes the structures and functions of organelles found in plant and animal cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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CELLS
Structure and Function
I.A. Eka Widiastuti Bagian Fisiologi Fakultas Kedokteran UNRAM Outline Introduction Discovery of Cells Cell Theory Cell Diversity Cell Characteristics Cell Types Parts of the Cell (Organelles) Introduction
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (1665): observed a thin slice of dead plant cells with a microscope. He described what he observed as “little boxes” (cells) Discovery of Cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1675): was the first person to observe living cells. The Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden (1838): concluded that all plants are composed of cells Theodor Schwann (1839): concluded that all animals are composed of cells Rudolph Virchow (1855): determined that cells come only from other cells The Cell Theory Are: 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are organisms, basic units of structure and function. 3. Cells come only from existing cells. Cell Diversity Size Shape Internal Organization Cell Diversity- Size Cell Size Cell Diversity- Shape Cells differ widely in shape. Most cells are roughly cuboidal or spherical. Cell Diversity- Internal Organization Nucleus: contains DNA which directs the activity of the cell Organelle: a cell component that performs specific functions in the cell Eukaryotes: cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotes: cells that lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles Characteristics of All Cells A surrounding membrane Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid Organelles – structures for cell function Control center with DNA Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells Simplest organisms – Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. – No distinct interior compartments – Some use flagellum for locomotion, threadlike structures protruding from cell surface Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound nucleus Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration Organelles not bound by membranes Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells Possess many organelles
when evolved? 3.5 billion years ago 1.5 billion years ago
cytoplasm? YES YES
cell membrane? YES YES
cell wall? Some Do Plants
ribosomes? YES YES
Circular DNA? Chromosomes in Nucleus Free Floating Plants, Animals, Fungi, and examples Bacteria Protists The Parts of the Cell Each living cell carries out the tasks of taking food, transforming food into energy, getting rid of wastes, and reproducing. Most eukaryotic cells have three main components: – Cell Membrane – Cytoskeleton – Nucleus Structure and Function of Organelles Organelles Cell Membrane Mitochondria Nucleus Lysosomes Cell Wall Peroxisomes Cytoplasm Cilia and Flagella Cytoskeleton Basal Bodies Ribosomes Centrioles Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuoles Golgi Apparatus Plastids Cell Membrane Structure: phospholipid bilayer with proteins that function as channels, markers, and receptors Composition: 55% protein 25% fosfolipid 13% cholesterol 4% other lipid 3% carbohydrate Function: selectively permeable boundary between the cell and the external environment Cell Membrane Phospholipid: a. phosfat hydrophilic b. fatty acid hydrophobic Protein: a. integral protein (as a structural channel, and as a carrying protein) b. periphery protein (as an enzyme) Carbohydrate: a. glycoprotein b. glycolipid c. glycocalix Nucleus Structure: the nucleus is a sphere that contains another sphere called a nucleolus Function: -storage center of cell’s DNA -manages cell functions Cell Wall Structure: rigid wall made up of cellulose, proteins, and carbohydrates Function: boundary around the plant cell outside of the cell membrane that provides structure and support Cytoplasm Structure: gelatin-like fluid that lies inside the cell membrane (ectoplasm and endoplasm) Contain: protein, electrolyte, salts, minerals and organic molecules Function: -surrounds the organelles Cytoskeleton Structure: a network of thin, fibrous elements made up of microtubules (hollow tubes) and microfilaments (threads made out of actin) Function: -acts as a support system for organelles -maintains cell shape Ribosomes Structure: consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA Function: location of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure: a system of membranous tubules and sacs Function: intracellular highway (a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another) Two types: – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER): prominent in cells that make large amounts of proteins to be exported from the cell or inserted into the cell membrane – Covered with ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER): involved in the synthesis of lipids, especially phospholipid and cholesterol and breakdown of toxic substances by enzyme (ex. drugs) – Not covered with ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Structure: stacked flat sacs Function: receives proteins from the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell (receiving, processing, packaging, and shipping) Golgi Apparatus Specific function: a. synthesis of sialic acid and galactose b. synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate; as a main component of: Proteoglycan Interstisial space matrix Organic matrix of the bone Mitochondria Structure: folded membrane within an outer membrane – The folds of the inner membrane are called cristae Function: -converts energy stored in food into usable energy for work – cellular respiration Lysosomes Structure: spherical organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolase acid enzyme), within single membranes with 250-750 nm of diameter Function: breaks down food particles, invading objects, or worn out cell parts Intracellular digestive system Lysosomes Cell autolysis (hydrolase enzyme), changed by mitosis of adjacent cell
Lysosomes also contain of lisozyme
(dissolve bacterial cell membrane) and lisoferine (bind iron and other metal substances for bacterial growth) Peroxisomes Structure: spherical organelles that contain enzymes within single membranes Function: Degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism. Cilia and Flagella Structure: hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of cells – When they are present in large numbers on a cell they are called cilia – When they are less numerous and longer they are called flagella – Both organelles are composed of nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair. Function: cell motility Cillia and Flagella Cilia and Flagella (a) Motion of flagella. A flagellum usually undulates, its snakelike Direction of swimming motion driving a cell in the same direction as the axis of the flagellum. Propulsion of a human sperm cell is an example of flagellatelocomotion (LM).
1 µm
(b) Motion of cilia. Cilia have a back-
and-forth motion that moves the cell in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cilium. A dense nap of cilia, beating at a rate of about 40 to 60 strokes a second, covers this Colpidium, a freshwater protozoan (SEM).
15 µm Basal Bodies The microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by a basal body. Structurally identical to a centriole Centrioles Structure: composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring Exist in pairs Function: centrioles play a major role in cell division (mitosis) Vacuoles Structure: a sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane Very large in plants Function: used for temporary storage of wastes, nutrients, and water Plastids There are three types of plastids in plant cells: – Chloroplasts – Chromoplasts: synthesize and store pigments – Leucoplasts: store food such as starches, proteins, and lipids Chromoplasts Leucoplasts Red Pepper
Flower Chloroplasts Structure: stacked sacs (thylakoids) that contain chlorophyll surrounded by a double membrane Function: photosynthesis (conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose) Secretory Pathway Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Animal cells are very similar to plant cells except for the following major differences: Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts Animal cells are not surrounded by cell walls The vacuoles in plants are much larger than those of animals Animal Cell Plant Cell CYTOSIS
1. Endocytosis A. Phagocytosis (solid material) B. Pinocytosis (liquid material) 2. Exocytosis ENDOCYTOSIS the process of taking material into the cell such as liquids or fairly large molecules by engulfing (surrounding) them in a membrane. Step of Endocytosis During Endocytosis, the cell membrane folds inward and fuses together. This surrounds the substance in a pocket.
The pocket pinches off inside of the cell,
forming a vesicle.
The vesicle fuses with a lysosome or similar
vesicle. Then, enzymes break down the membrane and the contents inside. EXOCYTOSIS the opposite of endocytosis. It is the release or expelling of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle WITH the membrane. Steps of Exocytosis The cell forms a vesicle around material that needs to be expelled from the cell.
The vesicle is transported to the cell membrane.
The vesicle membrane fuses with the cell
membrane and releases the contents from the cell. Phagocytosis A type of endocytosis where the cell membrane engulfs large particles. • Phagocytosis actually means “cell eating.” • It plays a key role in our immune systems. Phagocytosis Bacterium
3 The phagosome containing the bacterium separates from the cell membrane and moves into the cytoplasm. Phagocyte Lysosome
The phagosome fuses with
The phagocytic white blood 1 cell encounters a bacterium 4 lysosomes containing digestive enzymes. that binds to the cell membrane.
5 The bacterium is killed
2 The phagocyte uses its and digested within the cytoskeleton to push its vesicle. cell membrane around the bacterium, creating a large vesicle, the phagosome.
