ECM426

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CONCRETE

“AGGREGATES”
By
Dr Mohd Fadzil Arshad
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Malaysia
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lecture student will be
able to;
Describe and explain the basic
science and engineering
fundamentals pertaining to
characteristic of the constituents of
concrete (CO1-PO3)
Classified aggregate for making
concrete (CO1-PO3)
State and discuss on the properties
of aggregate use for making concrete
(CO2-PO3)
INTRODUCTION

TO
AGGREGATES
INTRODUCTION
 "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse
particulate material used in construction,
including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag,
recycled concrete and geosynthetic
aggregates.
 Aggregates are a component of
composite materials such as concrete and
asphalt concrete;
 the aggregate serves as reinforcement to
add strength to the overall composite
material.
AGGREGATES IN CONSTRUCTION
 Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value
as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely
used in drainage applications such as foundation and
French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall
drains, and road side edge drains.
 Aggregates are also used as base material under
foundations, roads, and railroads. To put it another
way, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or
road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties
(e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the
road or building), or as a low-cost extender that binds
with more expensive cement or asphalt to form
concrete.
AGGREGATES IN
CONCRETE
 Aggregates (fine + coarse/gravel) used in
concrete (concrete aggregates) as filler
and generally occupies 60 % to 75 % of
the concrete volume
  Fine aggregates originates of natural
sand or crushed stone with most particles
>75m (0.03in)(0.075mm) and <
4.75mm.
  Coarse aggregates consist of gravels or
crushed aggregate or combination of both
with particles sizes > 4.75mm (3/16in)
and 50mm (2 in).
AGGREGATES IN
CONCRETE
 Reduce cost of concrete
 Well graded improve workability

 Reduce heat of hydration

 Reduce shrinkage.

 Control surface hardness

 Colour light reflecting properties

 Control density

 Control of fire
SOURCES FOR THESE BASIC MATERIALS
 Sources for these basic materials can be
grouped into three main areas:
a)Mining of mineral aggregate deposits,
including sand, gravel, and stone;
b)Use of waste slag from the manufacture of
iron and steel;
c)Recycling of concrete, which is itself chiefly
manufactured from mineral aggregates.
 In addition, there are some (minor) materials
that are used as specialty lightweight
aggregates: clay, pumice, perlite, and
vermiculite.
SOURCES OF AGGREGATES
 Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged
from a pit, river, lake, or seabed
 Aggregates derived from
 Igneous rocks-formed on cooling of the magma-e.g
granite, basalt- they are hard, tough and strong-
excellent aggregates
 Sedimentary rocks - Stratified rock - e.g limestone,
sandstone-excellent to poor aggregates
 Metamorphic rocks- Igneous or sedimentary rock
that have changed their original structure, crystal
structure or mineralogy composition due to physical
and chemical conditions below the earth surface
(high temp and pressure) – e.g marble, schist, slate
– excellent to poor
 Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry
rock, boulders, cobbles, or large size gravel
JAW & CONE CRUSHING
PLANT
JAW & IMPACT CRUSHING
PLANT
 GENERAL
CLASSIFICATIO
N
OF
AGGREGATES
CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATES

 Classifications of concrete aggregates are

based on the mixture of rocks and minerals.
 Igneous rocks-formed on cooling of the magma-e.g
granite, basalt- they are hard, tough and strong-
excellent aggregates
 Sedimentary rocks - Stratified rock - e.g limestone,
sandstone-excellent to poor aggregates
 Metamorphic rocks- Igneous or sedimentary rock
that have changed their original structure, crystal
structure or mineralogy composition due to
physical and chemical conditions below the earth
surface (high temp and pressure) – e.g marble,
schist, slate – excellent to poor
CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATES

 Classifications of concrete aggregates are based

on the density.
 Generally aggregates classified into three:

a) Normal Aggregates

b) Heavyweight Aggregates

c) Lightweight Aggregates
 Classifications of concrete aggregates are based
on the particle size
a) Gravels

b) Coarse aggregates

c) Fine aggregates

d) Quarry dust
CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATES

 Classifications of concrete
aggregates are based on the
particle size
a) Gravels
b) Coarse aggregates
c) Fine aggregates
d) Quarry dust
 The aggregates can be crush or
un-crush
 Coarse aggregate

 are materials retained on 5 mm

BS410 test sieve.

 can be classified into three

categories :
- uncrushed
- crushed
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
 Fine Aggregate

Is a material which passed through a

5 mm BS 410 test sieve.
Sand is generally considered to have a
lower size limit of about 0.07 mm,
material between 0.06 mm and
0.002 mm is classified as silt, and
smaller particles are called clay.
FINE AGGREGATE

River sand coral sand

mining sand Quarry dust

 DENSITY OF
AGGREGATES
 RELATIVE DENSITY
 it is defined as the ratio of the
aggregate’s unit weight to that of
water mix design.

 it is important factor affecting the

density of the resulting concrete.
DENSITY OF AGGREGATES
 Appearance relative density =
mass of dry aggregates/solid volume of
aggregate
 Saturated surface dry relative density =
(mass of aggregate + water in pores)/
volume of aggregates including pores
 Oven dry relative density =

mass of dry aggregates/ volume of

aggregate including pores
NORMAL AGGREGATES
Gravels,sand, normal
crushed stones.
Bulk S.G = 2.2-2.4,
Bulk density = 2200 to 2400
kg/m3,
Most commonly used
 Heavy/High Density Aggregate

 having high specific gravity ranges

from 2.8 to 2.9 and bulk density from
2,800 to 2,900 kg/m3.

 i.e magnetite, hematite and barytes.

 are not suitably graded.

HEAVYWEIGHT AGGREGATES

 crushed stones e.g. limestone, dolomite and

granite. Bulk Density >2080kg/m3
 Specific gravity range 2.8 – 2.9
 Unit weight range 2800 – 2900
kg/m^3
 Use in concrete of compressive
strength about 20 –21 N/mm^2.
 Cement aggregate ratio 1.5 – 1.9
 W/C between 0.5 – 0.65
 Lightweight aggregate
 a particle density of less than 2,000 kg/m3.
 subdivided into two groups :

- natural
i.e (pumice, foamed lava, porous
limestone)
- artificial
i.e (fly ash, steel slag, sintered slate)
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES

 Natural or manufactured e.g

pumice, scoria, pearlite, Bulk
Density < 1120kg/m3
 Density < 2000 kg/m^3
or dry loose density <
1200 kg /m ^3.
 Can be subdivided :
 Natural occurring
materials
 Eg pumice, foamed lava ,
volcanic tuff
 Natural occurring
materials which require
processing
 Eg expanded clay, shale,
slate, perlite, vermiculite
 Industrial by product
 Eg. Sintered fuel ash,
sintered slate, expanded
blast furnace slag
CHARACTERIST
ICS OF
AGGREGATES
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATES
FOR CONCRETE

Generally aggregate used

in concrete must be :
a)Clean
b)Hard and strong
c)Properly shaped
d)Well graded.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATES
FOR CONCRETE

The required
characteristic of
aggregates includes:
a)Chemical stability
b)Abrasion resistant
c)Resistant to freezing and
thawing
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE

 Strength
 Deformation/modulus of elasticity
 Toughness
 Hardness
 Volume change
 Porosity
 Relative density
 Strength of Aggregate

 Commonly the strength of aggregate

is in the range of 70 to 360 N/mm2.

 Igneous rock are much stronger than

sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
 Strength of Aggregate

The strength can be determined by :

 Aggregate crushing value (ACV)

 Aggregate impact value (AIV)

 Ten percent fines value

DEFORMATION/MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY

 Can be determined by running the

compression test on specimen from
the parent rock.

 Modulus of elasticity of concrete

increases with the increase of
aggregate modulus.
 Toughness of Aggregate
 Defined as resistance to failure by impact.

 Determined by Aggregate Impact Test.

 Important for concrete used in road

pavement.
 Hardness
 defined as resistance of an aggregate
to wear, load or applied pressure.

 determined by an abrasion test.

 important for concrete used in road

pavement
 Volume Change

 change in the volume of the aggregate.

 it is due to moisture movements in

aggregates.

 may result in a considerable shrinkage

of the concrete.
 Porosity of aggregate
 porosity of aggregate contributes to
the overall porosity of concrete.
 Porosity = 100 WGs / (W+100) %
where :
W is the water absorption (%)
Gs is the specific gravity on SSD
 Shape and Surface Texture

 Shape and surface texture of aggregates

can affect the properties of concrete.

 The external characteristics can be

assessed by observation.
 Particle Shape Classification
(BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975)
Classification Description Shapes
Rounded Fully water-worn or River or seashore
completely shaped gravel, desert,
by attrition seashore and wind-
blown sand.
Irregular Naturally irregular or Other gravels, land
partly shaped by or dug flint
attrition and having
rounded edges
Flaky Material which the Laminated rock
thickness is small
relative to the other
two dimensions
 Particle Shape Classification (cont’d)
(BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975)

Classification Description Shape

Angular Possessing well-defined Crushed rocks of all
edges formed at the types, talus, crushed
intersection of roughly slag.
planar faces
Elongated Material usually angular, -
in which the length is
considerably larger than
the other two dimensions
Flaky and Material having the -
elongated length considerably
larger than the width,
considerably larger than
the thickness
Source : Neville, A.M. (2002). Properties of Concrete, Prentice Hall,
 Surface Texture of Aggregates
Classification Description Examples
Glassy Conchoidal Fracture Black Flint, Vitreous
Slag

Smooth Water-worn, or Gravels, chert,

smooth due to the slate, marble, some
fracture of laminated rhyolites
or fine-grained rock

Granular Fracture showing Sandstones, oolite

more or less uniform
rounded grains
Source : Neville, A.M. (2002). Properties of Concrete, Prentice Hall,
England
 Water Absorption of Aggregate
(BS 812, ASTM C 127, EN 1097-6)
 Water absorption of aggregate
as the weight of water absorbed
by an oven dry aggregate in
reaching the saturated and
surface dry condition.

 is expressed as percentage of
the weight of the dry aggregate.
 Water Absorption of Aggregate
(cont’d)
 it is determined by measuring the increase in
weight of an oven dry sample immersed in
water for 24 hours and weighed at a saturated
and surface dry condition.
 Moisture content

 is expressed as a percentage of the

weight increased of the saturated
surface dry aggregate.

 water absorption represent the water

contained in the aggregate in the SSD
condition.
 Moisture content

 moisture content is the water in

excess of that, the total water content
of a moist aggregate is equal to the
sum of absorption and moisture
content.
 Four (4) conditions of moisture content
Wet and damp Air dry

Moisture

Aggregate

Saturated and surface dry

Oven dry or bone dry
AGGREGATE
S
GRADING OF AGGREGATE
 can have considerable effect on the
workability and stability of concrete
mix.

 The particle size distribution of

aggregate should be such that the
smaller particles fill the voids
between the larger particles.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Unpacked and Uneconomic Dense and

loose strong
GRADING CURVE
(DERIVED FROM BS 882)
WHAT HAPPEN IF THE GRADING CURVE
…

 Lower than the specified grading

curve, the aggregate is coarser and
segregation of mix might take place.

 Lies well above the specified curve,

the aggregate is finer and more water
will be required, thus increasing the
cement content.
WHAT HAPPEN IF THE GRADING CURVE
…. (CONT’D)

 is steeper than the specified, it

indicates an excess of middle-size
particles and leads to harsh mix.

 is flatter than the specified grading

curve, the aggregate will be deficient
in middle size particles.
 DURABILITY
AND
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
IN
AGGREGATES
DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES IN
AGGREGATES
 Deleterious substance is refer to the
clay, silt, decayed vegetable, salt,
unsound particles, etc. contained with
the aggregates supplied.
 This deleterious substance when used
in concrete will influence the
properties, quality and durability
(during fresh and harden state)of
concrete produced.
DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES IN
AGGREGATES
 Clay content will decrease the bond between
aggregate and cement
 Slit will requires additional water for given
workability
 Organic impurities may acidic that reduces
the alkalinity of cement paste and influence
the hydration of cement, affect setting time
and strength.
 Soluble salt in marine aggregate cause
corrosion
 Unsound aggregates contain reactive
aggregate cause alkali silica reaction
RECYCLE CONCRETE
AGGREGATE
RECYCLE CONCRETE
AGGREGATE