Chapter 1 Introduction

• Information Assurance and Security
1
OUTLINE
• What is Security?
• Security trend
• Sources and consequences of risks
• Types of Vulnerabilities
• Security criteria
• Security attack types
• Security services and mechanisms
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computer and network security
What is Security?
Security is about
• Threats (bad things that may happen, e.g. your
money getting stolen)
• Vulnerabilities (weaknesses in your defenses, e.g.
your front door being made of thin wood and glass)
• Attacks (ways in which the threats may be
actualized,
• e.g. a thief breaking through your weak front door
while you and the neighbors are on holiday)
3
computer and network security…
“The most secure

computers are those
not connected
to the Internet and
shielded
from any interference”
4
Computer security is about provisions
and policies adopted to protect
information and property from theft,
corruption, or natural disaster
 while allowing the information and
property to remain accessible and
productive to its intended users.
security of computers against intruders
(e.g.,hackers) and malicious software
(e.g., viruses).
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Network security on the other hand deals with provisions
and policies adopted to prevent and monitor unauthorized
access, misuse, modification, or denial of the computer
network and network-accessible resources.
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WHO ARE THE ATTACKERS?
Vandals (Hackers, crackers) driven by intellectual challenge.
Insiders: employees or customers seeking revenge or gain informal benefits
Natural disasters: flooding, fire, storms, earthquake…
Criminals seeking financial gain.
Organized crime seeking gain or hiding criminal activities.
Organized terrorist groups or nation states trying to influence national policy.
Foreign agents seeking information (spying) for economic, political, or military

purposes.
Tactical countermeasures intended to disrupt military capability.
Large organized terrorist groups
Cyber attacks
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WHAT ARE THE VULNERABILITIES?
Physical vulnerabilities (Eg. Computer can be stolen)
Natural vulnerabilities (Eg. Earthquake)
Hardware and Software vulnerabilities (Eg. Failures)
Media vulnerabilities (Eg. Hard disks can be stolen)
Communication vulnerabilities (Ex. Wires can be tapped)
Human vulnerabilities (Eg. Insiders)
Poorly chosen passwords
Software bugs (non reliability of software)
 buffer overflow attacks
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CONSEQUENCES…
Failure/End of service
Reduction of QoS, down to Denial of Service (DDoS)
Internal problems in the enterprise
Trust decrease from partners (client, providers, share-
holders)
Technology leakage
Human consequences (personal data, sensitive data -
medical, insurances, …)
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SECURITY CRITERIA (IN DETAIL)
•To understand the types of threats to security that exist,
first we need to have a definition of security
requirements.
•In this section, different security requirements are
presented.
Availability
•It requires that computer and network assets are only
available to authorized parties.
• computer and network should provide all the designated
services in the presence of all kinds of security attack.
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SECURITY CRITERIA...
Integrity
It requires that messages should be modified or altered only
by authorized parties.
 Modification includes writing, changing, deleting, and creating the
message that is supposed to be transmitted across the network.
Integrity guarantees that no modification, addition, or

deletion is done to the message;
The altering of message can be malicious or accidental.
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SECURITY CRITERIA...
Confidentiality
It requires that the message can only be accessible for reading by
authorized parties.
It also requires that the system should verify the identity of a user.
Authentication
It means that correct identity is known to communicating parties.
This property ensures that the parties are genuine not impersonator.
Authorization
This property gives access rights to different types of users.
 For example a network management can be performed by network
administrator only.
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COMPUTER AND NETWORK
SECURITY
ATTACKS
Categories of Attacks
 Interruption: An attack on availability
 Interception: An attack on confidentiality
 Modification: An attack on integrity
 Fabrication: An attack on authenticity
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COMPUTER AND NETWORK SECURITY
ATTACKS…
Categories of Attacks/Threats
Source
Destination
Normal flow of information
Attack
Interruption Interception
Modification Fabrication
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EXAMPLES OF THREATS
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SECURITY ATTACK TYPES
The attacks can also be classified by the following criteria.
 Passive or active,
 Internal or external,
 At different protocol layers.
Passive vs. active attacks
•A passive attack attempt to learn or make use of the information
without changing the content of the message and disrupting the
operation of the communication.
•Examples of passive attacks are:
-- Eavesdropping , traffic analysis, and traffic monitoring.
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SECURITY ATTACK TYPES…
Active attack attempts to interrupt, modify, delete,

or fabricate messages or information thereby
disrupting normal operation of the network.
Some examples of active attacks include:

 Jamming, impersonating, modification, denial of service
(DoS), and message replay.
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PASSIVE ATTACKS
Passive attacks do not affect system resources
 Eavesdropping, monitoring
 The goal of the opponent is to obtain information that is being
transmitted
Two types of passive attacks

 Release of message contents
 Traffic analysis
Passive attacks are very difficult to detect

 Message transmission apparently normal
 No alteration of the data
 Emphasis on prevention rather than detection
 By means of encryption
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PASSIVE ATTACKS (1)
RELEASE OF MESSAGE CONTENTS
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PASSIVE ATTACKS (2)
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
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ACTIVE ATTACKS
Active attacks try to alter system resources or
affect their operation
 Modification of data, or creation of false data
Four categories
 Masquerade of one entity as some other
 Replay previous message
 Modification of messages
 Denial of service (DoS): preventing normal use
 A specific target or entire network
Difficult to prevent
 The goal is to detect and recover
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ACTIVE ATTACKS (1)
MASQUERADE
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ACTIVE ATTACKS (2)
REPLAY
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ACTIVE ATTACKS (3)
MODIFICATION OF MESSAGES
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ACTIVE ATTACKS (4)
DENIAL OF SERVICE
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SECURITY ATTACK TYPES…
Internal vs. External attacks
External attacks are carried out by hosts that don’t
belong to the network domain, sometimes they are
called outsider.
 E.g.it can causes congestion by sending false routing
information thereby causes unavailability of services.
In case of internal attack, the malicious node from the
network gains unauthorized access and acts as a genuine
node and disrupts the normal operation of nodes.
They are also known as insider.
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COMMON SECURITY ATTACKS AND THEIR
COUNTERMEASURES
Finding a way into the network
 Firewalls
Exploiting software bugs, buffer overflows

 Intrusion Detection Systems
Denial of Service
 access filtering, IDS
TCP hijacking
 IPSec
Packet sniffing
 Encryption (SSL, HTTPS)
Social problems
 Education
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SECURITY SERVICES (X.800)
Authentication - assures that communicating entity is the
one claimed
 have both peer-entity & data origin authentication
Access Control - prevention of the unauthorized use of a

resource
Data Confidentiality –protection of data from
unauthorized disclosure
Data Integrity - assurance that data received is as sent by
an authorized entity
Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by one of the
parties in a communication
Availability – resource accessible/usable
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SECURITY MECHANISM
Feature designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security
attack
no single mechanism that will support all services required
however one particular element underlies many of the security
mechanisms in use:
 Cryptographic techniques
hence our focus on this course
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10 Q n e
te r O
ha p
o f C
En d
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• Information Assurance and Security

“The most secure

Insiders: employees or customers seeking revenge or gain informal benefits

Natural disasters: flooding, fire, storms, earthquake…

Criminals seeking financial gain.

Organized crime seeking gain or hiding criminal activities.

Organized terrorist groups or nation states trying to influence national policy.

Foreign agents seeking information (spying) for economic, political, or military

Tactical countermeasures intended to disrupt military capability.

Large organized terrorist groups

Integrity guarantees that no modification, addition, or

 Interception: An attack on confidentiality

 Modification: An attack on integrity

 Fabrication: An attack on authenticity

Active attack attempts to interrupt, modify, delete,

Some examples of active attacks include:

Two types of passive attacks

Passive attacks are very difficult to detect

Exploiting software bugs, buffer overflows

Access Control - prevention of the unauthorized use of a

hence our focus on this course

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