Chapter 1 PR2

Parts of Chapter 1
 Introduction  Assumptions and

 Background of the Hypothesis
Study  Scope and
 Statement of the Delimitations of the
Problem Study
 Theoretical  Limitations of the
Study
Framework  Definition of
 Conceptual Terms
Framework
Introduction
 Discusses four (4) relevant ideas:
TOPIC or subject matter: define and
elaborate using methods of paragraph
development like classification and giving
examples
IMPORTANCE of the Topic: cite the role that the
topic plays in your life and the benefits you
derive from it.
REASONS for Choosing the topic: emphasized
what motivated you to choose the topic.
PURPOSE of the Study: discusses the objective
of the study.
Background of The Study
 consists of statements on what led the
investigator to launch the study.
 may have been generated by some
empirical observations, the need to
explore the problem and some other
relevant conditions.
 describe as clearly as possible the
problem intended to be addressed and
refer to the relevant literature in the field.
Background of the Study
 it is an overview of factors which have
led to the problem, comprise the
problem and historical significance
relative to the problem.
Statement of the Problem
 There should be a general statement of
the whole problem followed by the
specific questions or sub problems into
which the general problem is broken up.
Theoretical Framework
 This is the foundation of the research
study. These are highly related theories
and principles that were established and
proven by authorities
 refers to the set of interrelated construct,
definitions, and prepositions that
presents a systematic view of
phenomena
Theoretical Framework
 an organized body that explains what
has been done and what has been said
on the topic or problem being
investigated.
What must be obtained from a
theory?
 The name/s of author/s of the theory
must be taken including the place and
the time / year when he or she
postulated such a principle or
generalization.
 the part or parts of the theory that are
relevant to your study
 synthesis by relating to your findings
Conceptual Framework
 a tentative explanation or theoretical
explanation of the phenomenon or
problem and serves as the basis for the
formulation research hypotheses.
 consists of the investigator’s own
position on a problem after his exposure
to various theories that have bearing
on the problem
Conceptual Framework
 The conceptual framework becomes the
central theme, the focus, the main
thrust of the study. It serves as a guide
in conducting investigation.
 Paradigm. A paradigm is a
diagrammatic representation of a
conceptual framework. It depicts in a
more vivid way what the conceptual
framework wants to convey.
Conceptual Framework:
Paradigm
Deductive Reasoning
 : In deductive reasoning, a conclusion is
reached reductively by applying
general rules that hold over the entirety
of
a closed domain of discourse, narrowing
the range under consideration until only
the conclusion is left.

a method of reasoning by which
concrete applications or consequences
are deducted from general principles
or theorems
Assumptions and
Hypothesis
 Historical and descriptive investigations
do not need explicit hypotheses and
assumptions. Only experimental studies
need expressly written assumptions
and hypotheses.
 Assumptions- a belief that forms
one of the bases for the research. This
belief is not to be tested or supported
with empirical data. Very often belief is
not stated in a research proposal.
Assumptions and
Hypothesis

Hypothesis is a tentative answer
to a research question, it can be
derived
fromthe observation before the research is
conducted. This is called inductive
hypothesis.
from the theory. This is called deductive
hypothesis.
Kinds of Hypothesis
 Alternative Hypothesis is usually
developed from experience, literature or
theory, or combination of these. This is
the expected relationship
between variables.

Null hypothesis is the one that
states NO relationship between
varibales. The function is to let the
research test the hypothesis
statistically.
Scope and Delimitations
 The scope and delimitations should
include the following:
A brief statement of the general purpose
of the study.
The subject matter and topics studied
and discussed.
The locale of the study, where the data were
gathered or the entity to which the data
belong.
Scope and Delimitations
The population or universe from which
the respondents were selected. This
must be large enough to make
generalizations significant.
The period of the study. This is the time,
either months or years, during which
the data were gathered.
Limitations of the Study
 include the weaknesses of the study
beyond the control of the
researcher.
 The weaknesses spring out of the
inaccuracies of the perceptions of the
respondents.
Variables

is the operationalized way in which
the attribute is represented for further
data processing.
 Values of each variable statistically
"vary" (or are distributed) across the
variable's domain

Basically, a variable is any factor
that can be controlled, changed, or
measured in an experiment.
Types of Variables
 The independent variable is the one
condition that you change in an
experiment.
 The dependent variable is the variable
that you measure or observe. It is the
factor that is dependent on the state of
the independent variable.
Types of Variables
 A controlled variable or constant
variable is a variable that does
not change during an experiment.
 Extraneous variables are "extra"
variables that may influence the
outcome of an experiment, but aren't
taken into account during measurement.
Significance of the Study
 The rationale, timeliness and/or
relevance of the study. The rationale,
timeliness and/or relevance of the study
to existing conditions must be
explained or discussed.
 Possible solutions to existing problems
or improvement to unsatisfactory
conditions.
 Who are to be benefited and how they
are going to be benefited. It must be
shown who are the individuals, groups,
or communities who may be placed in a
more advantageous position on
account of the study.
 Possible contribution to the fund of
knowledge.
 Possible implications. It should be
discussed here that the implications
include the possible causes of the
problems discovered, the possible
effects of the problems, and the
remedial measures to solve the
problems.
Definition of Terms
 Only terms, words, or phrases which
have special or unique meanings in the
study are defined.
 Terms should be defined operationally,
that is how they are used in the study.
 The researcher may develop his own
definition from the characteristics of the
term defined.
Definition of Terms
 Definitions may be taken from
encyclopedias, books, magazines and
newspaper articles, dictionaries, and
other publications but the researcher
must acknowledge his sources.
 Definitions should a\be brief, clear, and
unequivocal as possible.
 Acronyms should always be spelled out
fully
That’s all for today!
Thank You!

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Parts of Chapter 1

 Introduction  Assumptions and

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