Materialitas Dan Risiko

Modul ke
AUDIT 1
11 Fakultas
Materialitas & Risiko
EKONOMI DAN
BISNIS
Oleh :
Program Studi
1. Mirna Dianita, S.E., M.M., Ak., CA
2. Rini Susiani, S.E., M.Ak., Ak., CA
Akuntansi
3. Syafdinal, S.E., M.M., Ak
4. Dr. H. Islahuzzaman, S.E., M.Si., Ak., CA
5. Robertus Arynovianto, S.E., M.M., Ak., CA., CTA., CPA., QIA.
6. Dr. Rita Yuniarti, S.E., M.M., Ak., CA
Semakin tinggi
tingkat material
(jumlah materi
sehingga men
audit yang di
auditor sem
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
KHUSUS
(TPK) - 1
Mahasiswa dapat:
Menerapkan konsep materialitas pada
proses audit
MATERIALITY
The auditor’s responsibility is to

determine whether financial
statements are materially misstated.
If there is a material misstatement,
the auditor will bring it to the client’s
attention so that a correction can be made.
STEPS IN APPLYING MATERIALITY
Set preliminary
Step
judgment about
1
materiality.
Planning
extent
Allocate preliminary of tests
Step judgment about
2 materiality
to segments.
STEPS IN APPLYING MATERIALITY
Step Estimate total

3 misstatement in segment.
Step Estimate the Evaluating

4 combined misstatement. results
Compare combined
Step
estimate with judgment
5
about materiality.
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN KHUSUS
(TPK) - 2
Mahasiswa dapat:
Membuat pertimbangan awal tentang
berapakah nilai yang dianggap
material
SET PRELIMINARY JUDGMENT
Ideally, auditors decide early in the audit

the combined amount of misstatements
of the financial statements that would
be considered material.
This preliminary judgment is the maximum
amount by which the auditor believes the
statements could be misstated and still not
affect the decisions of reasonable users.
FACTORS AFFECTING JUDGMENT
Materiality is a relative rather

than an absolute concept.
Bases are needed for

evaluating materiality.
Qualitative factors also

affect materiality.
(TPK) - 3
Mahasiswa dapat:
Mengalokasikan materialitas awal ke
berbagai segmen proses audit
ALLOCATE PRELIMINARY JUDGMENT
ABOUT MATERIALITY TO SEGMENTS
This is necessary because evidence is

accumulated by segments rather than
for the financial statements as a whole.
Most practitioners allocate materiality
to balance sheet accounts.
PSA .. (AU..)
(TPK) - 4
Mahasiswa dapat:
Mempergunakan materialitas untuk
mengevaluasi berbagai temuan audit
ESTIMATED TOTAL
MISSTATEMENT EXAMPLE
Net misstatement of the sample

÷ Total sampled
× Total recorded population value
= Direct projection estimate of misstatement
Rp3.500 ÷ Rp50.000 × Rp450.000 = Rp31.500
EXAMPLE OF ESTIMATE
FOR SAMPLING ERROR
Tolerable Direct Sampling

Account Misstatement Projection Error Total
Cash Rp 4.000 Rp 0 N/A Rp 0
Accounts receivable 20.000 12.000 6.000* 18.000
Inventory 36.000 31.500 15.750* 47.250
Total estimated
misstatement amount Rp 43.500 Rp 16.800 Rp 60.300
Preliminary judgment
about materiality Rp 50.000
*estimate for sampling error is 50%
(TPK) - 5
Mahasiswa dapat:
Mendefinisikan risiko dalam auditing
RISK
Auditors accept some level of risk

in performing the audit.
An effective auditor recognizes that
risks exist, are difficult to measure,
and require careful thought to respond.
Responding to risks properly is critical
to achieving a high-quality audit.
RISK AND EVIDENCE
Auditors gain an understanding of the

client’s business and industry and
assess client business risk.
Auditors use the audit risk model to further
identify the potential for misstatements
and where they are most likely to occur.
EXAMPLE OF DIFFERING
EVIDENCE AMONG CYCLES
Sales and Acquisition Payroll and

Collection and Payment Personnel
Cycle Cycle Cycle
Inherent
A medium high low
risk
Control
B medium low low
risk
Acceptable
C low low low
audit risk
Planned
D medium medium high
detection risk
EXAMPLE OF DIFFERING
EVIDENCE AMONG CYCLES
Inventory and Capital Acquisition

Warehousing and Repayment
Cycle Cycle
Inherent
A high low
risk
Control
B high medium
risk
Acceptable
C low low
audit risk
Planned
D low medium
detection risk
(TPK) - 6
Mahasiswa dapat:
Menjelaskan model risiko audit beserta
berbagai komponennya
AUDIT RISK MODEL
FOR PLANNING
PDR = AAR ÷ (IR × CR)
PDR = Planned detection risk

AAR = Acceptable audit risk
IR = Inherent risk
CR = Control risk
(TPK) - 7
Mahasiswa dapat:
Mempertimbangkan dampak risiko bisnis
pada risiko audit yang bisa diterima
IMPACT OF ENGAGEMENT RISK
ON ACCEPTABLE AUDIT RISK
Auditors decide engagement risk and use

that risk to modify acceptable audit risk.
Engagement risk closely relates to
client business risk.
FACTORS AFFECTING
ACCEPTABLE AUDIT RISK
The degree of which external users

rely on the statements
The likelihood that a client will have
financial difficulties after the
audit report is issued
FACTORS AFFECTING
ACCEPTABLE AUDIT RISK
The auditor’s evaluation of

management’s integrity
Making the Acceptable
Audit Risk Decision
Factors Methods to Assess Risk

• Examine financial statements.
External users •
Read minutes of the board.
reliance on •
Examine form …..
financial • Discuss financing plans
statements
with management.
Making the Acceptable
Audit Risk Decision
Factors Methods to Assess Risk

 Analyze financial statements
Likelihood
for difficulties using ratios.
of financial 
Examine inflows and
difficulties
outflows of cash flow
statements.
Management  See Audit Palanning for
integrity client acceptance and
continuance.
Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus
(TPK) - 8
Mahasiswa dapat:
Mempertimbangkan dampak dari
beberapa faktor pada penilaian risiko
inheren
Major Factors When
Assessing Inherent Risk
 Nature of the client’s business

 Results of previous audits
 Initial versus repeat engagement
 Related parties
 Nonroutine transactions
 Judgment – correctly record account
balances and transactions
 Makeup of the population
Assessing Risks of Fraud
Three conditions are generally present.
1. Incentives/Pressures
2. Opportunities
3. Attitudes/Rationalization
Examples of Risks Factors
for Fraudulent Reporting
1. Incentives/Pressures
Financial stability or profitability is threatened by

economic, industry, or entity operating conditions.
Excessive pressure exists for management
to meet debt requirements.
Personal net worth is materially threatened.
2. Opportunities
There are significant accounting estimates

that are difficult to verify.
There is ineffective oversight over
financial reporting.
High turnover or ineffective accounting internal
audit, or information technology staff exists.
3. Attitudes/Rationalization
Inappropriate or inefficient communication

and support of the entity’s values is evident.
A history of violations of laws is known.
Management has a practice of making overly
aggressive or unrealistic forecasts.
Responding to the
Risk of Fraud
Design and perform audit procedures

to address identified fraud risk.
Change the overall conduct of the audit
to respond to identified fraud risk.
Perform procedures to address the risk
of management override of controls.
(TPK) - 9
Mahasiswa dapat:
Membahas hubungan antara risiko dan
bukti audit
Relationship of Risk Factors,
Risk, and Evidence
Acceptable audit risk
D D I
Factors Planned Planned
Inherent I I
Influencing detection audit
risk
Risks risk evidence
I D
Control risk
Direct relationship; I = Inverse relationship
Changing the Audit in Response to
Risk
The engagement may require

more experienced staff.
The engagement will be reviewed

more carefully than usual.
Audit Risk for Segments
Both control risk and inherent risk

are typically set for each cycle,
each account, and often even
each audit objective, not for
the overall audit.
Relating Risk of Fraud to
Risk Model Components
The risk of fraud can be assessed

for the entire audit or by cycle,
account, and objective.
audit risk, inherent risk, and control risk.
revising assessments of acceptable
Specific response could include
Tolerable Misstatement, Risks,
and Balance-related Objectives
It is common to assess inherent and control

risk for each balance-related audit objective.
It is not common to allocate
materiality to objectives.
Measurement Limitations
One major limitation in the application

of the audit risk model is the difficulty
of measuring the components of the model.
Relationships of Risk
to Evidence
Acceptable Planned Amount of

Audit Inherent Control Detection Evidence
Situation Risk Risk Risk Risk Required
1 High Low Low High Low
2 Low Low Low Medium Medium
3 Low High High Low High
4 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
5 High Low Medium Medium Medium
Tests of Details of Balances Evidence
Planning Worksheet
Auditors develop various types of worksheets to

aid in relating the considerations affecting audit
evidence to the appropriate evidence to accumulate.
(TPK) - 10
Mahasiswa dapat:
Membahas bagaimana risiko dan
materialitas tersebut saling terkait dan
terintegrasi dalam suatu proses audit
Tolerable Misstatements,
Risk, and Planned Evidence
Acceptable
audit risk
D D I
Inherent Planned I Planned
risk I detection risk audit evidence
Control I D I
risk
Tolerable
misstatement
D = Direct relationship; I = Inverse relationship
Audit Risk Model for Evaluating
Results
AcAR = IR × CR × AcDR
AcAR = Achieved audit risk

AcDR = Achieved detection risk
IR = Inherent risk
CR = Control risk
Revising Risks
and Evidence
The audit risk model is primarily a

planning model and is therefore of
limited use in evaluating results.
Great care must be used in revising
the risk factors when the actual results
are not as favorable as planned.
Terima Kasih Atas Perhatiannya
Oleh :
1. Mirna Dianita, S.E., M.M., Ak., CA
2. Rini Susiani, S.E., M.Ak., Ak., CA
3. Syafdinal, S.E., M.M., Ak
4. Dr. H. Islahuzzaman, S.E., M.Si., Ak., CA
5. Robertus Arynovianto, S.E., M.M., Ak., CA., CTA., CPA., QIA.

Materialitas Dan Risiko

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Modul ke

The auditor’s responsibility is to

Step Estimate total

Step Estimate the Evaluating

Ideally, auditors decide early in the audit

Materiality is a relative rather

Bases are needed for

Qualitative factors also

This is necessary because evidence is

Net misstatement of the sample

Tolerable Direct Sampling

Auditors accept some level of risk

Auditors gain an understanding of the

Sales and Acquisition Payroll and

Inventory and Capital Acquisition

PDR = AAR ÷ (IR × CR)

PDR = Planned detection risk

Auditors decide engagement risk and use

The degree of which external users

The auditor’s evaluation of

Factors Methods to Assess Risk

Factors Methods to Assess Risk

 Nature of the client’s business

Three conditions are generally present.

Financial stability or profitability is threatened by

There are significant accounting estimates

Inappropriate or inefficient communication

Design and perform audit procedures

The engagement may require

The engagement will be reviewed

Both control risk and inherent risk

The risk of fraud can be assessed

It is common to assess inherent and control

One major limitation in the application

Acceptable Planned Amount of

Auditors develop various types of worksheets to

AcAR = Achieved audit risk

The audit risk model is primarily a

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