CH 14

Chapter 14
Ethical Risks and

Responsibilities of IT
Innovations
Prepared by Dr. Derek Sedlack, South University

Learning Objectives
Privacy
Paradox, Responsible
Privacy, and Conduct
Civil Rights
Six Technology
Technology Addictions and
Trends the Emerging
Transforming Trend of Focus
Business Management
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Privacy Paradox, Privacy, and Civil
Rights
• Privacy
– Right, or freedom of choice and control to self-
determine what information about you is made
accessible, to whom, when, and for what use or
purpose.
• Breach of Privacy
– Unauthorized disclosure of personal information.
• Privacy Paradox
– Phenomenon where social users are concerned about
privacy but their behaviors contradict these concerns
to an extreme degree.
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Rights
• Social Recruitment
– Use of social media to engage, share knowledge among,
and recruit and hire employees.
– Often involving information the candidate did not want
considered (or is illegal) to use in the hiring process.
– Best practice provisions are:
1. Have either a third party or a designated person
within the company who does not make hiring
decisions do the background check.
2. Use only publicly available information. Do not
friend someone to get access to private information.
3. Do not request username or passwords for social
media accounts.
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Rights
• EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
– Enforces federal laws prohibiting discrimination in
employment.
• Protected classes
– Characteristics identified by law that cannot be used in
the hiring process.
• Discrimination
– Biased or prejudicial treatment in recruitment, hiring,
or employment based on certain characteristics, such
as age, gender, and genetic information, and is illegal
in the United States.
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Rights
• Corporate Social Media Discrimination
– The use of protected class information to weed out
candidates.
• Civil Rights
– Rights protected by federal
law, such as freedom of speech,
press, and assembly; the right
to vote, etc.
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Rights
• Completing Legal Concerns
– Two competing legal concerns are discrimination &
negligent hiring.
• Social Media Discrimination
– Visiting a person’s social media sites, however, clearly
creates the opportunity to view large amounts of information
going against these nondiscriminatory practices.
• Negligent Hiring
– If a workplace violence incident occurred and the attacker’s
public social networking profile contained information that
could have predicted that behavior, the employer may be
held liable for negligence in not using readily available
information during the hiring decision.
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Rights
• Balancing the Competing Risks of Negligent Hiring
and Social Discrimination
1. Ask candidates to sign a disclosure statement
• Allow self-disclosure
2. Create a standard process and document it
• Consistent well-documented processes
3. Avoid coercive practices
• Eliminate recruiter pressure for applicant
disclosure
4. Training
• Emphasize related compliance
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Rights
1. Describe privacy.
2. What is the phenomenon where social users are concerned
about privacy but their behaviors contradict these concerns?
3. What is the use of social media to find, screen, and select
job candidates?
4. Rejecting a job candidate because of concerns about the
person’s health from information on his or her Facebook
page is an example of what?
5. Age, disability, gender, religion, and race are examples of
what?
6. Why are the legal concepts of discrimination and negligent
hiring competing demands on a business?
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Learning Objectives
Privacy
Civil Rights
Six Technology
Trends the Emerging
Business Management
Responsible Conduct
Too Much Data?
• Big Data Analytics
– It is possible to identify personal habits and identify
patterns before self-disclosure, such as pregnancy.
– Targeting shoppers early in a cycle may improve sales
opportunities.
– Legal and social acceptability may be similar, but they
may be different. Legal compliance may not translate
to acceptable behavior.
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Responsible Conduct
Irresponsible Conduct
• Predicting People’s Behavior
– Predicting people’s behavior is big business, but
companies may face backlash from customers or be
subject to investigations or fines (Wi-Spy).
• Mobile Apps and Risky Behaviors
– 93% top 200 free iOS & Andriod apps exhibited at
least one risky behavior.
– Apple policy prohibits user information gathering
without permission, but countless 3rd party apps are
unregulated.
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Responsible Conduct
• Risky Behaviors
1. Location tracking
2. Accessing the device’s address book or contact list
3. Identifying user or phone unique identifier (UDID)
4. Recording in-app purchases
5. Sharing data with ad networks and analytics
companies
Twitter, Foursquare, and Instagram routinely gather

information from personal address books and other places on
your phone.
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Responsible Conduct
• Wardriving
– Driving around sniffing out and mapping the physical
location of the world’s Wi-Fi routers (see Wi-Spy).
• Open Wi-Fi Networks
– Non-password protected routers that provide access
over wireless networks.
– The FCC posted, “…collecting information sent over
Wi-Fi networks clearly infringes on consumer
privacy.”
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Responsible Conduct
• FTC vs. Facebook
– The only way Facebook’s business works is if they can
track what you do and sell that information to
advertisers.
– Is privacy expected?
– Should it be protected?
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Responsible Conduct
• Competing Responsibilities
– Intense competition demands using every tool or
technique to gain an edge or nullify a risk.
– Personal data collection while in most public spaces
allows retailers, through predictive analytics, to better
understand customers.
– Data collection and monitoring mean better business,
but also less privacy, and slow-changing laws means
legal limitations.
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Responsible Conduct
• 3D Printing
– Depositing tiny layers of material to create computer-
assisted design and/or computer-assisted
manufacturing blueprints.
• Bioprinting
– Using DNA to 3D print human
body parts using bioprinting
technology.
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Responsible Conduct
• 3D Printing Dilemmas and Debated Issues
– 3D-bioprinted human organs may be subject to
conflicting religious, political, moral, and financial
interests.
– 3D printers can exert impacts on the environment
worse than those of standard manufacturing.
– The technology will create new business models and
major challenges to intellectual property.
– The risks resulting from the ability to 3D print
weapons are obvious.
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Responsible Conduct
1. By avoiding illegal conduct, do companies also act
responsibly? Explain your answer.
2. What types of companies can benefit from predicting
people’s behavior?
3. When is predicting people’s behavior a violation of
privacy? Give an example.
4. When is predicting people’s behavior not a violation of
privacy? Give an example.
5. What are the ethical challenges attached to 3D printing
and 3D bioprinting?
6. Research the current debate about 3D printing and
bioprinting.
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Learning Objectives
Privacy
Civil Rights
Technology
Six Addictions
Technology and the
Trends Emerging
Transforming Trend of
Business Focus
Management
Technology Addictions and the Emerging
Trend of Focus Management
• Cognitive Overload
– Interferes with our ability to focus and be productive.
– Potential modern causes:
• Mobile apps
• Wearable technology
• Constant updates
• Desire to stay connected
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• Focus Counts
– An inability to concentrate for longer periods reduces
an ability to distinguish important information from
trivia.
– Some researchers estimate that distraction costs
hundreds of billions of dollars a year in lost
productivity.
– Heavy online users (media high multitaskers) scored
poorly on the cognitive test.
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• Focus Recovery
– Lost focus can take about 25 minutes recovery time.
– Noradrenaline, a chemical that helps us concentrate, is
released by focusing.
– The best strategy to improve focus: practice doing it.
– There is disagreement if multitaskers are working as
well as they could, or they could improve their focus.
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1. What are several potential causes of cognitive overload?
2. What are the consequences of constant distractions?
3. When a person is distracted, how long does it take to
return to the task at hand and get focused again?
4. Why are senior managers interested in focus
management?
5. What is the difference between the performance of high
and low multitaskers on cognitive tests?
6. How can multitaskers improve their ability to focus?
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Learning Objectives
Privacy
Civil Rights
Six Technology
Trends the Emerging
Business Management
Six Technology Trends Transforming
Business
• The physical–digital blur signifies a new layer of
connected intelligence that augments employees,
automates processes, and integrates machines into our
lives.
• Converging Technologies
– The explosion of connected M2M (machine-to-
machine) devices and IoT (Internet of Things)
– Greater bandwidth
– Advanced robotics, including expanding human–robot
collaboration in industries beyond manufacturing
– Increased use of real time analytics
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Business
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Business
• Crowdsourcing
– Access or leverage of talent and/or resource pools
located anywhere and everywhere through cloud,
social, and collaboration technologies (Wikipedia).
• Crowdfunding
– Using crowdsourcing to monetize a project or idea
(Kickstarter).
– Accenture developed initial models that show that
crowdsourcing can lead to higher profits for
producers.
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Business
• Data Supply Chain
– Treating data like a supply chain, flowing easily
through the entire organization.
– Requires data storage, IT infrastructure, big data
platforms, and APIs.
• Hyperscale
– The supersized, scalable, and resilient data centers
pioneered by data-dependent and social media
companies.
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Business
• Apps Drive Business?
– 54% of the highest performing IT teams deployed
enterprise app stores.
– Adopting apps create better operational agility.
– Apps make life simpler for employees and accelerate
business growth.
• Isolation
– Failure in one component cannot bring down the entire
edifice.
• Redundancy
– every component is backed up by an alternative in
case it fails.
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Business
• Next…More Disruptive Disruption
– High-performing business leaders now accept that
their organizations’ future success is tied to their
ability to keep pace with technology.
– Technology is more important than ever to their
business success.
– The flexibility of new technologies and architectures
will naturally change how IT makes it easier for
organizations to innovate.
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Business
1. What technologies are blurring the boundary between the
physical and digital worlds?
2. What are the benefits of crowdsourcing?
3. Referring to trend 3, how should companies treat their
data?
4. What is hyperscale?
5. What do business apps improve?
6. Why is resilience necessary?
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Chapter 14

Ethical Risks and

Prepared by Dr. Derek Sedlack, South University

Twitter, Foursquare, and Instagram routinely gather

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