EDEXCEL IGCSE / CERTIFICATE IN PHYSICS 6-2

Electric Motors and

Electromagnetic Induction
Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 187 to 196
Content applying to Triple Science only is shown in
red type on the next slide and is indicated on
subsequent slides by ‘TRIPLE ONLY’
June 17th 2012
 Edexcel Specification
Section 6: Magnetism and d) Electromagnetic induction
electromagnetism understand that a voltage is induced in a conductor or a
c) Electromagnetism coil when it moves through a magnetic field or when a
magnetic field changes through it; and describe the
undertand that there is a force on a factors which affect the size of the induced voltage
charged particle when it moves in a
describe the generation of electricity by the rotation of a
magnetic field as long as its motion is magnet within a coil of wire and of a coil of wire within a
not parallel to the field magnetic field; also describe the factors which affect the
undertand that a force is exerted on a size of the induced voltage
current-carrying wire in a magnetic field, describe the structure of a transformer, and understand
and how this effect is applied in simple that a transformer changes the size of an alternating
d.c. electric motors and loudspeakers voltage by having different numbers of turns on the input
use the left hand rule to predict the and output sides
direction of the resulting force when a explain the use of step-up and step-down transformers
wire carries a current perpendicular to a in the large-scale generation and transmission of
magnetic field electrical energy
describe how the force on a current- know and use the relationship:
carrying conductor in a magnetic field input (primary) voltage / output (secondary) voltage =
increases with the strength of the field primary turns / secondary turns
and with the current. V p / Vs = np / ns
recall and use the relationship: input power = output
power
VP IP = Vs Is for 100% efficiency
Red type: Triple Science Only
TRIPLE ONLY

Charge deflection by a magnetic field

Electric charges are
deflected by magnetic fields
S
provided they are not
travelling parallel to the field
-
+ lines.
Positive and negative
N charges are deflected in
opposite directions.
 The motor effect
When a current carrying
conductor carrying an
electric current is placed
in a magnetic field, it will
+ S -
experience a force
provided that the
conductor is not placed +- -+
parallel to the field lines.
N
This is called the motor - +
effect.

Motor effect - Fendt

The force increases if:
– the strength of the magnetic field is increased
– the current is increased

The direction of the force is reversed if either

the direction of the current or the direction of
the magnetic field is reversed.

Motor effect - Fendt

 Fleming’s left-hand motor rule

Note:
Magnetic field direction is from NORTH to SOUTH
Current direction is from PLUS to MINUS

Motor effect - Fendt

 Insert the missing information
Q1. Force direction ? Q2 Current direction ?

N S S N

Q3 N and S poles ?
Q4 Force directions ?

N S N S

Note: means current out of the page

means current into the page

Motor effect - Fendt

 The electric motor
Electric current flowing around the
coil of the electric motor produces
oppositely directed forces on each
side of the coil.

These forces cause the coil to

rotate.

Every half revolution the split ring

commutator causes the current in
the coil to reverse otherwise the
coil would stop in the vertical
position.

Electric motor - Fendt

 rotation
axis

N S
contact brush

Brushes regain
in contact
lose contact
contact
with
with
with
thethe
splitsplit
the ringring
commutator.
commutator.
Current flows
no longer
throughflowsthe
through
motor coil.
coil
thebut
motor
in the coil.
opposite
original
split-ring commutator direction.
Forces
The coilexert
will continue
a clockwise to rotate
+ turning effect
clockwise
Forces exert
dueaonto
clockwise
the
its coil
momentum.
turning effect on the coil.

Electric motor - Fendt

 Model electric motor

Electric motor - Fendt

 The loudspeaker
The sound signal consists of an
alternating current supplied by the
amplifier.

This current flows through the coil of

the loudspeaker.

Due to the motor effect, the magnetic

field around the coil causes the coil to
vibrate in step with the alternating
current.

The coil causes the diaphragm

(speaker cone) to vibrate in step with
the original sound signal.

The diaphragm causes air to vibrate

and so produces a sound wave.
 Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The motor effect occurs when a _______
current carrying wire is
placed inside a ________
magnetic field.

The force exerted is __________

maximum when the wire is at 90° to the
magnetic field __________
direction but is zero if the wire is ________
parallel to
the field.
The force increases with _________
field or current strength, the
force __________
reverses in direction if either are reversed.
Applications include the electric motor and ___________.
loudspeaker

WORD SELECTION:
parallel reverses loudspeaker direction
current magnetic field maximum
 Electromagnetic induction
If an electrical conductor cuts
through magnetic field lines, a
voltage is induced across the
ends of the conductor.

If the wire is part of a complete

circuit, a current is induced in
the wire.

This is called electromagnetic

induction and is sometimes
called the generator effect.

Generator - Fendt
 If a magnet is moved into a coil
of wire, a voltage is induced
across the ends of the coil.

If the direction of motion, or the

polarity of the magnet, is
reversed, then the direction of
the induced voltage and the
induced current are also
reversed.

Electromagnetic induction also

occurs if the magnetic field is
stationary and the coil is
moved.

Generator - Fendt
 The size of the induced voltage increases
when:
– the speed of the movement increases
– the strength of the magnetic field increases
– the number of turns on the coil increases
– the area of the coil is greater.

Generator - Fendt
 Alternating Current Generators

Most electricity is produced using the ‘generator

effect’.

The simplest generators and the types used in

power stations produce alternating current (A.C.)

Generator - Fendt
 Moving Coil A.C. Generator

Generator - Fendt
Generator - Fendt
This like an electric motor in reverse.
As the coil is rotated electromagnetic induction occurs.
An alternating voltage is induced in the coil.
An alternating current is drawn off through two slip rings.
The faster the coil is rotated:
- the greater is the amplitude of the voltage and current
- the higher is the frequency of the a.c.

Generator - Fendt
 Bicycle generator
When the wheel turns the
magnet is made to rotate
next to the fixed coil of wire.

Electromagnetic induction
occurs and a alternating
voltage is induced in the
coil.

This causes an alternating

current to flow to the light
bulb of the bicycle.

Generator - Fendt
 Question 1
V
The graph opposite
shows how the voltage
of a generator varies in
time. Using the same
set of axes show how
the voltage would vary
time
if the rotational speed
of the generator was
doubled.

The new voltage will have TWICE the

amplitude AND frequency of the
original.
 Question 2
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The _________
generator effect occurs when a conductor is moved
relative to a ____________
magnetic field. This is also known as
electromagnetic ___________.
induction

The greater the relative __________

movement of the conductor and
magnetic field the _______
greater is the voltage ________.
induced

complete circuit an electric

If the conductor is part of a ________
current will flow.
___________
alternating current is produced if the direction of movement
is continually _________.
reversed

WORD SELECTION:
magnetic complete alternating generator reversed
induction induced greater movement
TRIPLE ONLY

The transformer
A transformer is a
device that is used to
change one alternating
voltage level to another.

circuit symbol

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Structure of a transformer
A transformer consists of at least two coils of wire
wrapped around a laminated iron core.
PRIMARY COIL SECONDARY COIL
of Np turns of Ns turns

PRIMARY SECONDARY
VOLTAGE Vp VOLTAGE Vs
laminated iron core

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

How a transformer works

When an alternating voltage, Vp is applied to the
primary coil of Np turns it causes an alternating to
flow in this coil.

This current causes a changing magnetic field in

the laminated iron core which cuts across the
secondary coil of Ns turns.

Electromagnetic induction occurs in this coil which

produces an alternating voltage, Vs.

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Question
Why can a transformer not change the level of the
voltage output of a battery?
– A battery produces a steady (DC) voltage.
– This voltage would cause a constant direct current in
the primary coil of a transformer.
– This current would produce an unchanging magnetic
field in the iron core.
– This unchanging magnetic field would NOT cause
electromagnetic induction in the secondary coil.
– There would therefore be no secondary voltage.
TRIPLE ONLY

The transformer equation

The voltages or potential differences across the
primary and secondary coils of a transformer are
related by the equation:

primary voltage = primary turns

secondary voltage secondary turns

Vp = Np
Vs Ns

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Question 1
Calculate the secondary voltage of a transformer that has a
primary coil of 1200 turns and a secondary of 150 turns if
the primary is supplied with 230V.

Vp = Np
Vs Ns

230 / Vs = 1200 / 150

230 / Vs = 8
230 = 8 x Vs
230 / 8 = Vs
Secondary voltage = 28.8 V

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Question 2
Calculate the number of turns required for the primary coil
of a transformer if secondary has 400 turns and the primary
voltage is stepped up from 12V to a secondary voltage of
48V.

Vp = Np
Vs Ns

12 / 48 = Np / 400
0.25 = Np / 400
0.25 x 400 = Np
Primary has 100 turns

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Answers
Complete:
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Voltage Turns Voltage Turns
230 V 1000 11.5 V 50
230 V 500 46 VV
46 100
230 V 200 920 V 800
9V 120 72 V 960

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Transformer power transfer equation

If a transformer is 100% efficient then the power
input to the primary coil is equalled by the power
output from the secondary coil.

as power = current x voltage

then:
I p x V p = I s x Vs
TRIPLE ONLY

Question 1
Calculate the primary current if when a transformer is
supplied with 230V the secondary provides 4A at a voltage
of 13V. Assume that the transformer is 100% efficient.

Ip x Vp = Is x Vs

Ip x 230V = 4A x 13V
Ip = 52 / 230
Primary current = 0.226 A
TRIPLE ONLY

Question 2
Calculate the secondary current from a transformer supplying
a secondary voltage of 6V if the primary is supplied with a
current of 0.20A at 230V. Assume that the transformer is
100% efficient.

Ip x Vp = Is x Vs

0.2A x 230V = Is x 6V
Is = 46 / 6
Secondary current = 7.67 A
TRIPLE ONLY

Answers
Complete:
PRIMARY SECONDARY

Np Vp Ip Ns Vp Is

600 200V 0.4 A 30 10V

1 82A

100 12V 8A 4000

3 480V 0.2
4 A

300 72V 0.4

6 A 50 12V
5 2.4 A

50
8 25V
7 10 A 250 125V 2A
TRIPLE ONLY

Step-up transformers
In a step-up transformer the
voltage across the secondary coil
is greater than the voltage across
the primary coil.

The secondary turns must be

greater than the primary turns.

Use: To increase the voltage

output from a power station from
25 kV (25 000 V) to up to 400 kV.

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Step-down transformers
In a step-down transformer the voltage
across the secondary coil is smaller
than the voltage across the primary coil.

The secondary turns must be smaller

than the primary turns.

Use: To decrease the voltage output

from the mains supply from 230V to 18V
to power and recharge a lap-top
computer.

Transformer - eChalk
TRIPLE ONLY

Transformers and the National Grid

The National Grid is the system of cables used to
deliver electrical power from power stations to
consumers.

The higher the voltage used, the greater is the

efficiency of energy transmission.

Lower voltages result in higher electric currents

and greater energy loss to heat due to the
resistance of the cables.
TRIPLE ONLY

At power stations the output voltage of the generators is

stepped up by transformers from 25kV to 132kV.
The voltage may be further increased to up to 400 kV for
transmission over long distance pylon lines.
TRIPLE ONLY

The voltage is reduced in stages by step-down

transformers to different levels for different types of
consumer.
The lowest level is 230V for domestic use. The final step-
down transformer will be at sub station within a few
hundred metres of each group of houses.
TRIPLE ONLY

Question 1
Why is electrical energy transmitted over the
National Grid in the form of alternating current?
– To maximise efficiency high voltages must be used.
– Voltage therefore needs to be changed in level.
– Transformers are needed to change voltage levels.
– Transformers only work with alternating current.
TRIPLE ONLY
Question 2
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
Transformers are used to change one ___________
alternating voltage
level to another. They do not work with ____________current.
direct

increase
Step-up transformers _________ the voltage because their
secondary
___________ coil has more turns than the primary.
National
Transformers are used in the __________ 25 kV
Grid. The _______
400 kV
output of a power station is increased to up to _______. A high
energy
voltage reduces the ________ resistance
lost to heat due to the _________
of the power lines.
WORD SELECTION:
energy direct National secondary resistance
increase 400 kV alternating 25 kV
 Electromagnetism Simulations
Motor effect - Fendt Faraday's Law - PhET - Light a
Electric motor - Fendt light bulb by waving a magnet.
Faraday Electromagnetic Lab – This demonstration of Faraday's
PhET Play with a bar magnet and Law shows you how to reduce
coils to learn about Faraday's law. your power bill at the expense of
Move a bar magnet near one or your grocery bill.
two coils to make a light bulb Generator - Fendt
glow. View the magnetic field Transformer - load can be
lines. A meter shows the direction changed but not turns ration -
and magnitude of the current. netfirms
View the magnetic field lines or Transformer - eChalk
use a meter to show the direction
and magnitude of the current. You
can also play with
electromagnets, generators and
transformers!
TRIPLE ONLY
Electric Motors and Electromagnetic Induction
Notes questions from pages 187 to 196
1. (a) What is the motor effect? (b) What factors determine the size of the
force exerted on a conductor in a magnetic field? (c) With the aid of a
diagram show how Fleming’s left-hand rule can be used to find the
direction of the force on a conductor.
2. Copy figures 22.5 and 22.6 and explain how a moving coil loudspeaker and
electric motor work.
3. (a) Draw diagrams and explain what is meant by ‘electromagnetic
induction’? (b) What factors determine the size of the voltage produced?
4. Copy figure 22.12 and use it to explain how a simple generator works.
5. Copy figure 22.16 and use it to explain how a transformer works.
6. Copy the two transformer equations on pages 193 and 194 and find the
secondary current and voltage for a 100% efficient transformer that has a
primary coil of 800 turns supplied with 2A at 40V if the secondary coil has
100 turns.
7. Explain what is meant by step-up and step-down transformers and how
they are used in the UK’s National Grid system.

8. Answer the questions on pages 195 and 196.

9. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter checklist
on page 195.
DOUBLE SCIENCE ONLY

Electric Motors and Electromagnetic Induction

Notes questions from pages 187 to 196

1. (a) What is the motor effect? (b) What factors determine the size of
the force exerted on a conductor in a magnetic field? (c) With the aid
of a diagram show how Fleming’s left-hand rule can be used to find
the direction of the force on a conductor.
2. Copy figures 22.5 and 22.6 and explain how a moving coil
loudspeaker and electric motor work.
3. (a) Draw diagrams and explain what is meant by ‘electromagnetic
induction’? (b) What factors determine the size of the voltage
produced?
4. Copy figure 22.12 and use it to explain how a simple generator
works.

5. Answer questions 1, 2 and 3 on pages 195 and 196.