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    Applied Epidemiology: DR Hamid Hussain

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    Shakir Khan
    Descriptive epidemiology describes the basic characteristics of disease occurrence, including who is affected (person), where and when cases occur (place and time). Analytic epidemiology tests hypotheses about disease causes by studying relationships between exposures and disease. The three factors examined in descriptive epidemiology are person, place, and time, while analytic epidemiology assesses relationships between the host, agent, and environment components of the epidemiologic triangle. Descriptive epidemiology provides baseline information useful for resource allocation and program planning, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify potential disease determinants and causes through hypothesis testing.

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    Applied Epidemiology: DR Hamid Hussain

    Uploaded by

    Shakir Khan
    64 views15 pages
    Descriptive epidemiology describes the basic characteristics of disease occurrence, including who is affected (person), where and when cases occur (place and time). Analytic epidemiology tests hypotheses about disease causes by studying relationships between exposures and disease. The three factors examined in descriptive epidemiology are person, place, and time, while analytic epidemiology assesses relationships between the host, agent, and environment components of the epidemiologic triangle. Descriptive epidemiology provides baseline information useful for resource allocation and program planning, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify potential disease determinants and causes through hypothesis testing.

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    Descriptive epidemiology describes the basic characteristics of disease occurrence, including who is affected (person), where and when cases occur (place and time). Analytic epidemiology tests hypotheses about disease causes by studying relationships between exposures and disease. The three factors examined in descriptive epidemiology are person, place, and time, while analytic epidemiology assesses relationships between the host, agent, and environment components of the epidemiologic triangle. Descriptive epidemiology provides baseline information useful for resource allocation and program planning, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify potential disease determinants and causes through hypothesis testing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    64 views15 pages

    Applied Epidemiology: DR Hamid Hussain

    Uploaded by

    Shakir Khan
    Descriptive epidemiology describes the basic characteristics of disease occurrence, including who is affected (person), where and when cases occur (place and time). Analytic epidemiology tests hypotheses about disease causes by studying relationships between exposures and disease. The three factors examined in descriptive epidemiology are person, place, and time, while analytic epidemiology assesses relationships between the host, agent, and environment components of the epidemiologic triangle. Descriptive epidemiology provides baseline information useful for resource allocation and program planning, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify potential disease determinants and causes through hypothesis testing.

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    APPLIED EPIDEMIOLOGY

    How to start to write a scientific paper

    Dr Hamid Hussain

    1
    Descriptive Epidemiology is the Antecedent to Analytical Epidemiology

     Descriptive Epidemiology
    ◦ To Describe the occurrence of disease fully,
    some broad questions must be answered: Who is
    affected? Where and When do the case occur? In
    other words, it is necessary to specify person,
    place, and time
     Analytic Epidemiology
    ◦ Testing a hypothesis about the cause of disease
    by studying how exposures relate to the disease

    2
    THE THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE WE LOOK
    FOR IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE:

     1.PERSON
     2.PLACE
     3.TIME

    3
     Age, gender, ethnicity
     Genetic predisposition
     Concurrent disease
     Risk taking behavior

    ◦ Diet, exercise, smoking


     SES, education, occupation

    4
     Age: Mortality and morbidity rates of almost all
    conditions show some relation to this variable.

    ◦ Death rates are fairly high in infancy, then decrease


    markedly, reaching lowest point between ages 5 and
    14.
    ◦ The rate then climbs gradually until age 40, after
    which it increases almost exponentially, virtually
    doubling with each decade.

    5
     Sex: The analysis of disease rates by sex shows that
    the death rates are higher for males than females, but
    morbidity rates are generally higher in females.
     Ethnic group and Race: As many diseases differ
    markedly in frequency, severity, or both in different
    racial groups and statistics by race are helpful for
    identifying health problems, therefore classification
    and recording of data by ethnic group or race is
    required.
     Other person variables are social class, occupation,
    marital status, family variables (which include family
    size, birth order, maternal age, and parental
    deprivation), blood type, environmental exposures,
    and personality traits, etc.

    6
     Geographic place
    • presence of agents or vectors
    • climate
    • population density
    • economic development
    • nutritional practices
    • medical practices

    7
     Calendar Time
    ◦ Diseases in 19th & 20th century
     Time since an event
    ◦ Hepatitis B after surgery
     Physiologic cycles
    ◦ Changes with life, puberty etc.
     Age (time since birth)
    ◦ Diseases of infants, adolescent, old age
     Seasonality
     influenza
     Temporal trends

    8
    THE THREE PHENOMENA ASSESSED IN ANALYTIC
    EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE:

    HOST

    AGENT ENVIRONMENT

    9
    •Host Factors
    •Personal traits (age, sex,
    Host
    race, customs, Occupation,
    marital status, )
    •Behaviors
    •Genetic Predisposition
    •Immunologic factors
    Agent Environment

    • Influence the chance for disease or its severity


    10
    The Epidemiologic Triangle

    •Agents
    Host
    •Biological (bacteria, virus)
    •Physical (trauma, radiation)
    •Chemical (poison, alcohol)
    •Nutritional (lack, excess)

    Agent Environment

    • Necessary for disease to occur


    11
    Environment
    Host External conditions
    (temperature, humidity, altitude,
    crowding, housing, pollution)

    Physical or biologic
    or social

    Agent Environment

    • Contribute to the disease process


    12
     Due to new agent
     Due to change in existing agent

    (infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence)


     Due to change in number of susceptibles

    in the population
     Due to environmental changes that affect

    transmission of the agent or growth of


    the agent

    13
     …are often framed under the mantle of descriptive and analytic
    epidemiology
    ◦ 1. Descriptive epidemiology – person, place & time
     Demographic distribution
     Geographic distribution
     Seasonal patterns etc.
     Frequency of disease patterns
    ◦ Useful for:
     Allocating resources
     Planning programs
     Hypotheses development

    14
     2. Analytic epidemiology
    ◦ built around the analysis of the relationship
    between two items
     Exposures
     Effects (disease)
    ◦ looking for determinants or possible causes of
    disease
    ◦ useful for
     Hypothesis testing

    15

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