Engineering Mechanics: Review Material

REVIEW MATERIAL
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
STATICS
ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

INTRODUCTION TO STATICS
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:
• The subject of statics developed very early in history
because the principles involved could be formulated
simply from measurements of geometry and force.
• ARCHIMEDES (287-212 B.C.) – his writings deals with
the principle of lever; studies of the pulley, inclined
plane, and wrench are also recorded in ancient
writings – at times when the requirements of
engineering were limited primarily to building
construction.
MECHANICS
• Defined as the branch of the physical sciences
concerned with the state of rest or motion of
bodies that are subjected to the action of
forces.
• In general, this subject is subdivided into three
branches: 1. Rigid-body mechanics, 2.
Deformable-body mechanics and 3. Fluid
mechanics
Rigid body Mechanics is subdivided into two
areas:
• Statics – deals with the equilibrium of bodies,
that is, those that either at rest or move with
constant velocity.
• Dynamics – is concerned with the accelerated
motion of bodies.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS:
• Basic Quantities: The following four quantities are used
throughout mechanics.
• LENGTH – is needed to locate the position of a point in
space and thereby describe the size of the physical
system.
• TIME – is conceived as a succession of events.
• MASS – is a property of matter by which we can
compare the action of one body with that of another.
• FORCE – in general, it is considered as a “push” or
“pull” exerted by one body on another.
IDEALIZATION – is used in mechanics in order to simplify
application of the theory.
• PARTICLE – has a mass, but a size that can be
neglected.
• RIGID BODY – can be considered as a combination of a
large number of particles in which all the particles
remain at a fixed distance from one another both
before and after applying a load.
• CONCENTRATED FORCE – represents the effect of a
loading which is assumed at a point on a body
NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION:
• The entire subject of rigid-body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s three
laws of motion, the validity of which is based
on experimental observation.
• FIRST LAW:
A particle originally at
rest, or moving on a
straight line with constant
velocity, will remain in
this state provided the
particle is not subjected
to an unbalanced force.
• SECOND
LAW:
A particle acted upon by an
unbalanced force “F” experiences
acceleration “a” that has the
same direction as the force and a
magnitude that is directly
proportional to the force. If “F” is
applied to a particle of mass “m”,
this law may be expressed
mathematically as
• THIRD LAW:
The mutual forces of

action and reaction
between two particles
are equal, opposite,
and collinear.
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATIONAL
ATTRACTION:
•
Shortly after formulating his three laws of motion, Newton postulated a law
governing the gravitational attraction between any two particles. Stated
mathematically,
Where F = force of gravitation between the two particles

G = universal constant of gravitation; according to experimental evidences,
= mass of each of the two particles

r = distance between two particles
If we let , thus

And we let
SCALAR vs. VECTOR
• SCALAR – quantity that has magnitude only
• VECTOR – quantity that possesses magnitude

and direction and obeys the parallelogram law
for addition
RESULTANT OF TWO DIMENSIONAL
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

PROBLEM 1: The two tugboats
apply the forces P
and Q to the barge,
where P = 76 kN and
Q = 52 kN. Determine
the resultant P and Q.
If R is the resultant
PROBLEM 2: of the forces of the
forces P and Q,
find P and Q.
PROBLEM 3:
a. Given that P = 120N and Q
= 130N, find the
rectangular representation
of P + Q.
b. Knowing that P = 120N and that the resultant

of P and Q lies in the positive x-direction,
determine Q and the magnitude of the
resultant.
REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS USING
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS:
a. RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS AND
DIRECTION COSINES
•
Where: , ,
The scalar components of A are
Where: , are the angles between A and the positive

coordinate axes.
The magnitude of A is related to its scalar components by
•DIRECTIONAL
COSINES:
)
FORCES IN VECTOR FORM:
𝐹=𝐹 λ 𝑋 𝑖+𝐹 λ𝑌 𝑗+ 𝐹 λ 𝑍 𝑘

PROBLEM 4:
Find the rectangular representation of the

force F, given its magnitude 240N.
PROBLEM 5:
Determine the resultant of the two forces

shown.
PROBLEM 6:
The vertical post is secured by three cables. The
cables are pre-tensioned so that the resultant of
the cable forces F, Q, and P is directed along the z-
axis. If F = 120N, find P and Q.
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSMISSIBILITY:
“ A force may be moved anywhere along its line of

action without changing its external effects on a
rigid body. ”
PROBLEM 7:
Which of the force
systems shwon are
equivalent to the 500-N
force in (a)?
PROBLEM 8:
Determine P and ɵ so that the three forces shown

are equivalent to the single force R = (85i + 20j) kN
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A POINT
It is the tendency of a force to rotate a body.
It is equal to the sum of the moments of its

components about that point.
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A POINT
𝑀 𝑂=𝑟 𝑥 𝐹
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
|
𝑀 𝑂= 𝑥
𝐹𝑥
𝑦
𝐹𝑦
𝑧
𝐹𝑧 |
PROBLEM 9:
Determine the moment of the force F = 45i + 90j

N about point O.
PROBLEM 10:
The force F acts on the gripper of the robot arm.

The moment of F about points A and B are
210N-m and 90N-m, respectively – both
counterclockwise. Determine F and ɵ.
PROBLEM 11:
Determine the moment of Q
about
a. Point O
b. Point C
The magnitude of Q is 100N.
EQUIVALENT COUPLE:
TWO PARALLEL, NONCOLLINEAR FORCES THAT
ARE EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE AND OPPOSITE IN
DIRECTION ARE KNOWN AS COUPLE.
* THE MOMENT OF A COUPLE IS THE SAME

ABOUT EVERY POINT.
PROBLEM 12:
Which of the
systems are
equivalent to the
couple in (a)?

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REVIEW MATERIAL

ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

• The entire subject of rigid-body mechanics is

The mutual forces of

Where F = force of gravitation between the two particles

= mass of each of the two particles

• SCALAR – quantity that has magnitude only

• VECTOR – quantity that possesses magnitude

b. Knowing that P = 120N and that the resultant

The scalar components of A are

Where: , are the angles between A and the positive

Find the rectangular representation of the

Determine the resultant of the two forces

“ A force may be moved anywhere along its line of

Determine P and ɵ so that the three forces shown

It is the tendency of a force to rotate a body.

It is equal to the sum of the moments of its

Determine the moment of the force F = 45i + 90j

The force F acts on the gripper of the robot arm.

* THE MOMENT OF A COUPLE IS THE SAME

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