INSTRUCTOR:

SIR SHAFAN KHALIQ 

SUBJECT:
 SYSTEM NETWORK &
INTEGRATION 
GROUP 06: 
HUMAIRA BIBI – BSITF18MM25
 AAMIR HAYAT - BSITF17MM46

AQIB IMRAN - BSITF17ME39

 PRESENTATION TOPIC:
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE &
AUTOMATION WITH CRON &
AT
HUMAIRA BIBI – BSITF18MM25
 AAMIR HAYAT - BSITF17MM46

AQIB IMRAN - BSITF17ME39

MONITORING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE &
AUTOMATION WITH CRON & AT
Question1: What is process management?
Answer: Any application that runs on a Linux system is assigned a process ID or PID. In
most situations this information is only relevant to the system administrator who may have
to debug or terminate processes by referencing the PID. Process Management is the series
of tasks a System Administrator completes to monitor, manage, and maintain instances of
running applications. ( Linux is what is referred to as a preemptive multitasking operating
system. Preemptive multitasking systems rely on a scheduler. The function of the scheduler
is to control the process that is currently using the CPU.)
MONITORING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
& AUTOMATION WITH CRON & AT
Question2:  What is process?
Answer: An instance of a running program is called a process. Every time you run a shell command, a program is run and
a process is created for it. ... Linux is a multitasking operating system, which means that multiple programs can be running at the
same time (processes are also known as tasks). 
Question3: Define types of linux process?
Answer: When you start a process (run a command), there are two ways you can run it −
• Foreground Processes
• Background Processes
 Foreground Processes
• By default, every process that you start runs in the foreground. It gets its input from the keyboard and sends its output to the
screen.
• You can see this happen with the ls command. ls display 
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE & AUTOMATION WITH CRON & AT

Background Processes

A background process runs without being connected to your keyboard. If the background process requires any
keyboard input, it waits. The advantage of running a process in the background is that you can run other
commands; you do not have to wait until it completes to start another! The simplest way to start a background
process is to add an ampersand (&) at the end of the command.

What is daemon in LINUX/UNIX operation system ?

A daemon (also known as background processes) is a Linux or UNIX program that runs in the background.
Almost all daemons have names that end with the letter "d". For example, httpd the daemon that handles the
Apache server, or, sshd which handles SSH remote access connections. Linux often start daemons at boot time.
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
We will introduce you to a few free tools that are available to monitor and manage performance on Linux/Unix
systems. These tools also provide guidelines on how to diagnose and fix performance problems in the
Linux/Unix environment.

Linux/Unix has following major resource types that need to be monitored and tuned −

• CPU

• Memory

• Disk space

• Communications lines

• I/O Time

• Network Time

• Applications programs
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE 
Performance Components
User State CPU
The actual amount of time the CPU spends running the users’ program in the user state. It includes the
time spent executing library calls, but does not include the time spent in the kernel on its behalf
System State CPU
This is the amount of time the CPU spends in the system state on behalf of this program. All I/O
routines require kernel services. The programmer can affect this value by blocking I/O transfers
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
I/O Time and Network Time
This is the amount of time spent moving data and servicing I/O requests
Virtual Memory Performance
This includes context switching and swapping
Application Program
Time spent running other programs - when the system is not servicing this application
because another application currently has the CPU
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE 
Performance Tools

Linux provides following important tools to measure and fine tune Unix system performance

nice/renice

Runs a program with modified scheduling priority

netstat

Prints network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships

Netstat is a command line tool for monitoring incoming and outgoing network packets statistics as well as interface
statistics. It is very useful tool for every system administrator to monitor network performance and troubleshoot
network related problems.
Listing all the LISTENING Ports of TCP and UDP connections

# netstat -a | more
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE 
 Listing TCP Ports connections

# netstat –at

Listing UDP Ports connections

# netstat –au

Listing all LISTENING Connections

# netstat –l

Showing Statistics by Protocol

# netstat –s

Displaying Service name with PID

# netstat -tp
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PERFORMANCE 
ps
ps stands for process status and widely used command to get a snapshot of the running process. Very
useful to find out if a process is running or not and if running then prints PID.(A process is given a
unique number called process ID (PID) that identifies that process to the system)
vmstat
Linux VmStat command used to display statistics of virtual memory, kernerl threads, disks, system
processes, I/O blocks, interrupts, CPU activity and much more.By default vmstat command is not
available under Linux systems you need to install a package called sysstat that includes a vmstat
program
#vmstat
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PERFORMANCE 
top
Linux Top command is a performance monitoring program which is used frequently by many system administrators to monitor Linux
performance and it is available under many Linux/Unix like operating systems. The top command used to display all the running and active
real-time processes in ordered list and updates it regularly. 
#top (display task, memory, CPU and swap)
Display Specific User Process
# top -u user
Highlight Running Process in Top
Press ‘z‘ option in running top command will display running process in color which may help you to identified running process easily.
Kill running process with argument ‘k’
You can kill a process after finding PID of process by pressing ‘k‘ option in running top command without exiting from top window
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PERFORMANCE 
Save Top Command Results
# top -n 1 -b > top-output.txt
Getting Top Command Help
Press ‘h‘ option to obtain the top command help.
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PERFORMANCE 
sar
sar (System Activity Report) will be helpful to collect a number of a report including CPU, Memory, and device load.
By just executing sar command will show you system utilization for the entire day.
Show Memory usage report
# sar –r
iostat
iostat stands for input-output statistics and often used to diagnose a performance issue with storage devices. You can monitor
CPU, Device & Network file system utilization report with iostat.
iostat –d(display disk I/O statics)
iostat –c(display CPU statics)
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PERFORMANCE 
Kill 
Terminates a process
pgrep
Finds a process based on its PID
ps commmanad with different options
First, let’s look at the processes the root user currently owns by using the ps commmand
# ps 
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PERFORMANCE 
The ps command includes a number of options for producing different types of output, including
viewing all processes currently running on the system. To view processes with more detailed
information, you can use the following commands:
# ps u
(This command  not only display the PID, but also the CPU and memory utilization)
# ps aux | grep ssh
# ps aux (could also use this command)
( I can get more detail information about a particular process)
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE 
Let’s also look at some of the other options the ps command offers:
# ps –help  (this command display more different options)
If you want to stop the SSH service because it isn’t responding, you just have to look for the PID associated with the SSH
daemon.
Syntax: kill PID
Example: kill 4282
Sometimes if the kill command doesn’t work the way you intended it to, you can also call it with the -9 option to give it priority on
the system: kill -9 Meaning: The process will be killed by the kernel; this signal cannot be ignored. 9 means KILL signal that is
not catchable or ignorable.
# kill -9 4286 Kill will generate a SIGTERM signal asking a process to kill itself gracefully i.e , free memory or take care of other
child processes. ... Kill -9 generates a SIGKILL signal which won't check the state of the process and kills the process immediately
MONITORING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE 
To find the PID(s) belonging to the SSH service, use the following:
# pidof sshd  (sshd service name)
# pgrep sshd (could also use this command)
Shows real-time information about the system resources.
# top
(You can use the q to quit from the top command.)
You can use the renice command to give that particular process higher priority on the CPU.
Syntax: renice [options]
-p PID Changes process priority for a particular  PID -u user Changes process priority for a particular users