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    Unit-V Small Signal Low Frequency Transistor Amplifier Models

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    Sivakumar Pothiraj
    The document discusses transistor amplifier models using hybrid parameters. It describes: 1) The hybrid parameter (h-parameter) model which represents a transistor as a two-port network and defines the key h-parameters - hi, hr, hf, ho. 2) Determination of the h-parameters from transistor specifications and their use in developing equivalent circuits for common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector configurations. 3) Analysis of small signal amplifiers using the h-parameter model including expressions for gain, input and output resistances for different transistor configurations. 4) FET small signal models are also covered including analysis of common-source, common-gate, and common

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    Unit-V Small Signal Low Frequency Transistor Amplifier Models

    Uploaded by

    Sivakumar Pothiraj
    1K views40 pages
    The document discusses transistor amplifier models using hybrid parameters. It describes: 1) The hybrid parameter (h-parameter) model which represents a transistor as a two-port network and defines the key h-parameters - hi, hr, hf, ho. 2) Determination of the h-parameters from transistor specifications and their use in developing equivalent circuits for common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector configurations. 3) Analysis of small signal amplifiers using the h-parameter model including expressions for gain, input and output resistances for different transistor configurations. 4) FET small signal models are also covered including analysis of common-source, common-gate, and common

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    The document discusses transistor amplifier models using hybrid parameters. It describes: 1) The hybrid parameter (h-parameter) model which represents a transistor as a two-port network and defines the key h-parameters - hi, hr, hf, ho. 2) Determination of the h-parameters from transistor specifications and their use in developing equivalent circuits for common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector configurations. 3) Analysis of small signal amplifiers using the h-parameter model including expressions for gain, input and output resistances for different transistor configurations. 4) FET small signal models are also covered including analysis of common-source, common-gate, and common

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views40 pages

    Unit-V Small Signal Low Frequency Transistor Amplifier Models

    Uploaded by

    Sivakumar Pothiraj
    The document discusses transistor amplifier models using hybrid parameters. It describes: 1) The hybrid parameter (h-parameter) model which represents a transistor as a two-port network and defines the key h-parameters - hi, hr, hf, ho. 2) Determination of the h-parameters from transistor specifications and their use in developing equivalent circuits for common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector configurations. 3) Analysis of small signal amplifiers using the h-parameter model including expressions for gain, input and output resistances for different transistor configurations. 4) FET small signal models are also covered including analysis of common-source, common-gate, and common

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    UNIT- V

    Small Signal Low Frequency


    Transistor Amplifier Models:
    • BJT: Two port network, Transistor hybrid
    model, determination of h- parameters,
    conversion of h-parameters, generalized
    analysis of transistor amplifier model using h-
    parameters, Analysis of CB, CE and CC
    amplifiers using exact and approximate
    analysis, Comparison of transistor amplifiers.
    • FET: Generalized analysis of small signal
    model, Analysis of CG, CS and CD amplifiers,
    comparison of FET amplifiers.
    Hybrid Parameter Model
    Ii Io
    Linear Two port
    Vi Device Vo

    Ii Io
    1 2
    hi
    Vi hrVo hfIi ho Vo

    1' 2'

    Vi  h11 I i  h12Vo  hi I i  hrVo


    I o  h21 I i  h22Vo  h f I i  hoVo
    h-Parameters
    Vi Vi
    h11  h12 
    Ii Vo  0 Vo Ii  0
    Io Io
    h21  h22 
    Ii Vo  0 Vo Ii  0
    h11 = hi = Input Resistance
    h12 = hr = Reverse Transfer Voltage Ratio
    h21 = hf = Forward Transfer Current Ratio
    h22 = ho = Output Admittance
    Hybrid Equivalent Model

    The hybrid parameters: hie, hre, hfe, hoe are developed and used to model the transistor.
    These parameters can be found in a specification sheet for a transistor.

    5
    Determination of parameter
    Vi  h11Ii  h12 Vo
    Vi
    h11 
    Ii Vo  0V

    Vi
    h12 
    Vo Vo  0V

    IO  h 21Ii  h 22 Vo
    Solving Vo  0V ,
    Ii
    h 21 
    Io Vo  0V

    Io
    h 22 
    Vo Io  0A

    H22 is a conductance! 6
    General h-Parameters for any
    Transistor Configuration

    hi = input resistance
    hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo)
    hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
    ho = output conductance
    7
    Common emitter hybrid equivalent
    circuit

    8
    Common base hybrid equivalent
    circuit

    9
    Simplified General h-Parameter Model
    The model can be simplified based on these approximations:

    hr  0 therefore hrVo = 0 and ho   (high resistance on the output)

    Simplified

    10
    Common-Emitter re vs. h-Parameter Model

    hie = re
    hfe = 
    hoe = 1/ro
    11
    Common-Emitter h-Parameters

    hie  re [Formula 7.28]

    h fe   ac [Formula 7.29]

    12
    Common-Base re vs. h-Parameter Model

    hib = re
    hfb = -
    13
    Common-Base h-Parameters

    hib  re [Formula 7.30]

    h fb    1 [Formula 7.31]

    14
    SMALL-SIGNAL LOW-FREQUENCY
    OPERATION OF TRANSISTORS
    Hybrid Parameters and Two-Port Network
    For the hybrid equivalent model to be described, the parameters are defined at an
    operating point that may or may not give an actual picture of the operating condition
    of the amplifier. The quantities hie , hre , hfe and hoe are called the hybrid parameters and
    are the components of a small-signal equivalent circuit. The description of the hybrid
    equivalent model begins with the general two-port system.

    Two-port system representation (Black model


    realisation)
    EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS THROUGH
    HYBRID PARAMETERS
    AS A TWO-PORT NETWORK
    For the transistor, even though it has three basic configurations, they are all four-
    terminal configurations, and thus, the resulting equivalent circuit will have the same
    format. The h-parameter will however change with each configuration. To distinguish
    which parameter has been used or which is available, a second subscript has been
    added to the h-parameter notation.
    (i) For the common-base configuration: the lower case letter b
    (ii) For the common-emitter configuration: the lower case letter e
    (iii) For the common-collector configuration: the lower case letter c

    Complete hybrid equivalent model


    TRANSISTOR AS AMPLIFIER

    An n–p–n transistor in the common-base bias mode


    EXPRESSIONS OF CURRENT GAIN, INPUT
    RESISTANCE, VOLTAGE
    GAIN AND OUTPUT RESISTANCE
    The h-parameter equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier having a voltage source
    Vg , with its input resistance Rg connected to the input terminals and a load resistance
    RL connected to the output terminals.

    h-Parameter equivalent circuit of a transistor


    EXPRESSIONS OF CURRENT GAIN, INPUT
    RESISTANCE, VOLTAGE
    GAIN AND OUTPUT RESISTANCE
    Current Gain (AI)

    Input Resistance (RI)


    EXPRESSIONS OF CURRENT GAIN, INPUT
    RESISTANCE, VOLTAGE
    GAIN AND OUTPUT RESISTANCE
    Voltage Gain:- Voltage gain or voltage amplification is defined as the ratio of the
    output voltage V2 to the input voltage V1.
    Where,

    Output Resistance (RO)


    FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR CE
    AMPLIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT
    SOURCE IMPEDANCE
    At different frequencies of the input signal, the performance of the device is
    different. The analysis till now has been limited to the mid-frequency spectrum.
    Frequency response of an amplifier refers to the variation of the magnitude and
    phase of the amplifier with frequency.

    a) Gain vs. frequency for a CE


    amplifier (b) Phase angle vs.
    frequency for a CE amplifier
    EMITTER FOLLOWER
    The emitter follower transistor is a design which is basically a CC amplifier.

    Current gain:

    Input resistance:

    Voltage gain:

    Output resistance An emitter follower


    configuration with biasing

    The emitter follower is used for impedance matching.


    Figure Small-signal equivalent circuit for FETs.
    Figure FET small-signal equivalent circuit that accounts for the dependence of iD on vDS.
    Figure Determination of gm and rd. See Example 5.5.
    Figure Common-source amplifier.
    For drawing an a c equivalent circuit of Amp.
    •Assume all Capacitors C1, C2, Cs as short
    circuit elements for ac signal
    •Short circuit the d c supply
    •Replace the FET by its small signal model
    Analysis of CS Amplifier
    A C Equivalent Circuit

    Simplified A C Equivalent Circuit

    v
    Voltage gain, A  o
    v v
    gs
    v  i R  g v R Input imp., Z R R R
    o o L m gs L in G 1 2
    v
    r R
     A  o  g R , R  R r Out put imp., Z  r R  d D
    v v m L L D d o d D r R
    gs d D
    Analysis of CS Amplifier with Potential Divider Bias

    Av  gm(rd || RD)

    This is a CS amplifier configuration therefore the


    input is on the gate and the output is on the drain. Zi  R1 || R2

    Av  gm(rd || RD) Zo  rd || RD
    Zo  RD
    rd  10RD
    Av  gmRD, r  10 R
    d D
    Figure vo(t) and vin(t) versus time for the common-source amplifier of Figure 5.28.
    An Amplifier Circuit using MOSFET(CS Amp.)

    Figure Common-source amplifier.


    A small signal equivalent circuit of CS Amp.

    Figure Small-signal equivalent circuit for the common-source amplifier.


    Figure vo(t) and vin(t) versus time for the common-source amplifier of Figure 5.28.
    Figure Gain magnitude versus frequency for the common-source amplifier of Figure 5.28.
    Figure Source follower.
    Figure Small-signal ac equivalent circuit for the source follower.
    Figure Equivalent circuit used to find the output resistance of the source follower.
    Figure Common-gate amplifier.

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