Genetics 2

“Your genes control your
traits”
ACTIVITY
DECODE THE SEQUENCE
T A C C A G C C C A A G A T T
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Pages 67, 97-98
TERMS TO CONSIDER
 Heredity Punnett Square
 Allele
 Homozygous
 Genotype
Heterozygous
 Phenotype
 Dominant
 Recessive
MENDELIAN AND NON-
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
 Gregor Johann
Mendel
 Father of
Genetics
 Pisum sativum
(peas)
MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE
Law of Dominance
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent
Assortment
1. Unit factors in pairs- The genetic
characteristics are controlled by unit
factors that exist in pairs in individual
organisms.
2. Dominance and recessiveness- When
two unlike factors responsible for a single
trait are present in an individual, one unit
factor is dominant to the other, which is
said to be recessive.
3. Segregation- During the formation of
gametes, the paired unit factors segregate
randomly so that each gamete receives
one or more or the other with equal like
hood.
4. Independent assortment- During the
gamete formation, segregating pairs of
units are assorted independently of each
other.
Solve for the genetic problems.
a. genotype of the parents

b. Punnett Square
c. genotypic ratio
d. phenotypic ratio
e. Principle of Inheritance
A lawyer sets out to prove that a
child with type A (AA/AO) blood is
the son of a man with type B (BO)
blood and a mother with type AB
blood. Determine if it is possible for
the man to be the father. Is he
definitely the father?
In some kinds of cattle, there are
two alleles for coat color, R for red
and W for white. When an allele for
white and one allele for red
combine, the coat is spotted with
red and white, also called roan.
Predict the possible offspring of a
homozygous red and a
homozygous white cow.
R R
r Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
In some kinds of cattle, there are
two alleles for coat color, R for red
and W for white. When an allele
for white and one allele for red
combine, the coat is spotted with
red and white, also called roan.
Predict the possible offspring of a
homozygous red and a roan cow.
In humans, widow’s peak (H) is
dominant over a continuous hairline
(h), and short fingers (F) over long
fingers. Two heterozygous individual
with widow’s peak and short fingers
wants to have a child with continuous
hairline and long fingers. Is this
possible?
HF Hf hF hf
HF
Hf
hF
hf
HF Hf hF hf
HF HHFF HHFf HhFF HhFf
Hf HHFf HHff HhFf Hhff
hF HhFF HhFf hhFF hhFf
hf HhFf Hhff hhFf hhff

HF Hf hF hf
HF HHFF HHFf HhFF HhFf
Hf HHFf HHff HhFf Hhff
hF HhFF HhFf hhFF hhFf
hf HhFf Hhff hhFf hhff

1. A man and a woman is heterozygous for
freckles. Freckles (F) are dominant over no
freckles (f). What are the chances that their
children will have freckles?
a. Genotype of the parents
b. Punnett Square
c. Genotype and genotypic ratio
d. Phenotype and phenotypic ratio
e. Principle of inheritance
2. A woman is homozygous dominant for
short fingers. She marries a man who is
heterozygous for short fingers. Will any of
their children have long fingers?

b. Punnett Square
c. Genotype and genotypic ratio
d. Phenotype and phenotypic ratio
S S
S SS SS
s Ss Ss
CODOMINANCE
 When two dominant alleles
are present, both alleles will
be expressed when combine.
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
When dominant alleles are
absent, only a recessive will
combine with another
recessive allele.
MULTIPLE ALLELES
When more than two alleles
exist in a certain character, the
pattern of inheritance is called
multiple alleles.
SEX-LINKED, Y-LINKED AND X-
LINKED
 X-linked dominant
- offspring whose parents are affected with
an X-linked dominant trait has a 50% chance of
inheriting the trait/mutation/disorder.
- if only the father is affected, all of the
females will be affected, since they inherit their
father’s X-chromosome, and none of male sons
will be affected.
- when the mother is affected, then there is
50% chance that the son or daughter is
affected.
 X-linked recessive
- a female parent possessing
one X-linked recessive mutation
is considered a carrier.
- all males possessing X-linked
recessive mutation will be
affected.
 A man with hemophilia (h) marries a woman
who does not manifest the disorder, but who is
a carrier of hemophilia. What is the probability
that their daughter will have hemophilia?

b. Punnett Square
c. Genotypic ratio
d. Phenotypic ratio
e. Type of mendelian or non-Mendelian Principle
X h
Y
X H
X X
H h
X Y
H
X h
XX
h h
XY
h
 If a colorblind woman married a man with normal
color vision and had kids, what are the chances of
their sons being colorblind? What are the
chances of their daughters being carrier?
Xb- colorblind gene
XB- normal color vision
b. Punnett Square
c. Genotypic ratio
d. Phenotypic ratio
e. Type of mendelian or non-Mendelian Principle
 Y-linked
- Y-linkage is the manifestation of a
phenotypic trait by an allele (or gene) on
the Y chromosome. Since the Y-
chromosome is smaller compared to the X-
chromosome, few traits are Y-linked. Y-
linked traits are passed only from father to
son, with no genetic recombination
occurring.
 Sex-influenced and Sex-limited
traits
- traits that are phenotypically
expressed depending on whether the
individual is male or female.
- even in a homozygous dominant or
recessive female, the condition may
not be expressed fully.
 If your father is bald, your parental grandfather
has normal growth of hair and your mother
has no history of baldness in her family, what
is the chance that your brother would become
bald.
b. Punnett Square
c. Genotypic ratio
d. Phenotypic ratio
e. Type of mendelian or non-Mendelian
Principle
b. Punnett Square
c. Genotype and Genotypic ratio
d. Phenotype and Phenotypic ratio
e. Principle of inheritance (x linked
dominance, x linked recessive, sex
influenced trait)
ATYPICAL AND NON-
 Mosaicism
 Genomic Imprinting
 Mitochondrial Disorder
MOSAICISM
 It is the presence of two or more genetically
different cell lines in an individual all derived
from a single zygote.
 Somatic mosaicism leads to abnormalities
based on amount and distribution of normal
cells.
 Germline mosaicism affects germline tissues
which increases risk the recurrence in
disorders due to new dominant situations.
GENOMIC IMPRINTING
 All humans inherit two copies of
each gene on homologous
maternal chromosome and paternal
chromosome.
 Genomic imprinting- certain genes
are differentially “inactivated” or
switched off during gametogenesis.
GENOMIC IMPRINTING
 Maternal imprinting refers to

transcription silencing of the maternal
allele.
 Paternal imprinting implies that the
paternal allele is deactivated.
 Unipaternal inheritance of imprinted
genes can result in phenotypical
anomalies and loss of gene function.
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDER
 These diseases are mostly

related to energy and
metabolism such as tissues
requiring the constant supply
of energy.
PEDIGREE CHART AND ANALYSIS
 It is a diagram that shows

occurrence and appearance or
phenotypes of particular gene
or organism and its ancestors
from one generation to the
next.
 AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
- If both parents are affected and an offspring is
unaffected the traits must be dominant
- If both parents are unaffected, all offspring
must be unaffected.
 AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
- If both parents are unaffected, and offspring is
affected the trait must be recessive.
- If both parents show the trait, all offspring must
also exhibit the trait.
 X-LINKED DOMINANT
- If a male shows a trait, so too must all
daughters as well as his mother.
- An unaffected mother cannot have affected
sons
 X-LINKED RECESSIVE
- If a female shows a trait, so too must all sons
as well as her father.
- An unaffected mother can have affected sons
if she is a carrier.
A blue-eyed man, whose parents were
brown-eyed, marries a brown-eyed
woman. The woman’s father was
brown-eyed while her mother was
blue-eyed. Brown eyes are mostly
dominant. Make a pedigree chart and
label the genotypes of the individuals
in the chart.
A blue-eyed man, whose parents were
brown-eyed, marries a brown-eyed
woman. The woman’s father was
brown-eyed while her mother was
blue-eyed. Blue eyes are mostly
recessive. Make a pedigree chart and
label the genotypes of the individuals
in the chart.

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“Your genes control your

a. genotype of the parents

HF HHFF HHFf HhFF HhFf

Hf HHFf HHff HhFf Hhff

hF HhFF HhFf hhFF hhFf

hf HhFf Hhff hhFf hhff

HF HHFF HHFf HhFF HhFf

Hf HHFf HHff HhFf Hhff

hF HhFF HhFf hhFF hhFf

hf HhFf Hhff hhFf hhff

a. Genotype of the parents

a. Genotype of the parents

 Maternal imprinting refers to

 These diseases are mostly

 It is a diagram that shows

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