COURSE NAME: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

COURSE CODE: U18ESEC303

TOPIC: NUMBER SYSTEMS

Lecture presented by,

SP.Priyadharshini
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research
Chennai.
NUMBER SYSTEMS
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn about:

• Non-positional number system

• Positional number system
• Decimal number system
• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Hexadecimal number system
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
(Continued from previous slide..)

• Convert a number’s base

• Another base to decimal base
• Decimal base to another base
•Some base to another base
• Shortcut methods for
converting
• Binary to octal number
• Octal to binary number
• Binary to hexadecimal
• number
•Hexadecimal to binary number Fractional
numbers in binary number system
 NUMBER SYSTEMS

Number system can be defined as the method or format which is used for
denoting a numerical value
Two types of number systems are:

• Non-positional number systems

• Positional number systems

 NON-POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
• Characteristics
• Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII
for 4, IIIII for 5, etc
• Each symbol represents the same value
regardless of its position in the number
• The symbols are simply added to find out the
value
of a particular number
• Difficulty
• It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such
a number system
 POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
• Characteristics

• Use only a few symbols called

digits

• These symbols represent different values

depending on the position they occupy in the
number

(Continued on next slide)

 POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
(Continued from previous slide..)

• The value of each digit is determined by:

1. The digit itself
2. The position of the digit in the number
3. The base of the number system

(base = total number of digits in the

number system)

• The maximum value of a single digit is

always equal to one less than the value
of the base
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9). Hence, its base = 10
• The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one
less than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a
specific
• power of the base (10)

We use this number system in our day-to-day

life
(Continued on next slide)
 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)

= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its
base = 2
• The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less
than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power
of the base (2)
• This number system is used in computers

(Continued on next slide)

 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 2110
 REPRESENTING NUMBERS IN
DIFFERENT NUMBER SYSTEMS
In order to be specific about which number system we
are referring to, it is a common practice to indicate the
base as a subscript. Thus, we write:

101012 = 2110
BI
T
• Bit stands for binary digit

• A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a

1

• A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-

bit number
 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has total 8 symbols or digits
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Hence, its base = 8
•
The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one
less than the value of the base
•
Each position of a digit represents a specific
power of
the base (8)

(Continued on next slide)

 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
(Continued from previous slide..)

• Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23 8) are

= sufficient to represent any octal number in
binary
Example

20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)

= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7

= 107110
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16
• The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent
the decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and
15 respectively
• The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one
less than the value of the base)

(Continued on next slide)

 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
(Continued from previous slide..)

• Each position of a digit represents a specific

power of the base (16)
• Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are
sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number
in binary

Example
1AF16
= (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15

= 43110
 CONVERTING A NUMBER OF
ANOTHER BASE TO A DECIMAL
NUMBER
Method

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value

of each digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by

the digits in the corresponding columns

Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products

(Continued on next slide)

 CONVERTING A NUMBER OF
ANOTHER BASE TO A DECIMAL
NUMBER
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

47068 = ?10
Common
values
multiplied
by the
47068 = 4 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 0 x 81 + 6 x 80
corresponding
= 4 x 512 + 7 x 64 + 0 + 6 x 1 digits

= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6 Sum of these

products
= 2502 10
CONVERTING A DECIMAL NUMBER
TO A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE
Division-Remainder Method
Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by
the value of the new base

Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the

rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the
new base number
Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by
the new base

(Continued on next slide)

 CONVERTING A DECIMAL NUMBER TO
A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE
(CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS SLIDE..)

Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next

digit (to the left) of the new base number

Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to

left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3

Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the

most
significant digit (MSD) of the new base number

(Continued on next slide)

 CONVERTING A DECIMAL NUMBER TO
A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE
(CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS SLIDE..)

Example
95210 = ?8

Solution:

8 952
119 s 0
Remainder
14 7
1 6
0 1

Hence, 95210 = 16708

CONVERTING A NUMBER OF SOME BASE
TO A NUMBER
OF ANOTHER BASE
Method

Step 1: Convert the original number to

a decimal number (base 10)

Step 2: Convert the decimal number so obtained to

the new base number

(Continued on next slide)

 CONVERTING A NUMBER OF SOME BASE
TO A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
5456 = ?4

Solution:

Step 1: Convert from base 6 to base 10

5456 = 5 x 62 + 4 x 61 + 5 x 60
= 5 x 36 + 4 x 6 + 5 x 1
= 180 + 24 + 5
= 20910

(Continued on next slide)

CONVERTING A NUMBER OF SOME BASE
TO A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE
(CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS SLIDE..)

Step 2: Convert 20910 to base 4

4 209 Remainders
52 1
13 0
3 1
0 3

Hence, 20910 = 31014

So, 5456 = 20910 = 31014

Thus, 5456 = 31014

SHORTCUT METHOD FOR CONVERTING A
BINARY NUMBER TO ITS EQUIVALENT
OCTAL NUMBER
Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three
starting from the right

Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to

one octal digit using the method of binary to
decimal conversion

(Continued on next slide)

 SHORTCUT METHOD FOR CONVERTING A
BINARY NUMBER TO ITS EQUIVALENT
OCTAL NUMBER
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
 11010102 = ?8

 Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups

of 3 starting from right

 001 101 010

 Step 2: Convert
001 each
2 = 0 x 22group
+ 0 x into
21 + one
1x octal
20 = 1digit
1012 =5
= 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
0102 =2
= 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20

Hence, 11010102 = 1528

 CONVERTING AN OCTAL NUMBER
TO ITS EQUIVALENT BINARY
NUMBER
Method
Step Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary
number (the octal digits may be treated as
1: decimal for this conversion)
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups
(of 3 digits each) into
number a single binary

(Continued on next slide)

 SHORTCUT METHOD FOR
CONVERTING AN OCTAL NUMBER
TO ITS EQUIVALENT BINARY
NUMBER
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
5628 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each octal digit to 3 binary

digits 58 = 1012, 68 = 1102, 28 =

0102
5628 = 101 110 010
Step 2: 5
Combine 6
the binary groups
2
Hence, 5628 = 1011100102
SHORTCUT METHOD FOR CONVERTING
A BINARY NUMBER TO ITS
EQUIVALENT HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
Method

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four

starting from the right

Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits

to one hexadecimal digit

(Continued on next slide)

 SHORTCUT METHOD FOR CONVERTING
A BINARY NUMBER TO ITS
EQUIVALENT HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
1111012 = ?16

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four

starting from the right

0011 1101

Step 2: Convert each group into a hexadecimal digit

00112 = 316
= 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 310
11012 = D16
= 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 1310

Hence, 1111012 = 3D16

 SHORTCUT METHOD FOR
CONVERTING A HEXADECIMAL
NUMBER TO ITS EQUIVALENT
BINARY NUMBER
Method

Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of

each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit
binary number

Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups

(of 4 digits each) in a single binary number

(Continued on next slide)

 SHORTCUT METHOD FOR CONVERTING
A HEXADECIMAL NUMBER TO ITS
EQUIVALENT BINARY NUMBER
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

2AB16 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4

digit binary number

216 = 210 = 00102

A16 = 1010 = 10102

B16 = 1110 = 10112

CONVERTING A HEXADECIMAL
NUMBER TO ITS EQUIVALENT
BINARY NUMBER
(CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS SLIDE..)

Step 2: Combine the binary groups

2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011
2 A B

Hence, 2AB16 = 0010101010112

 KEY WORDS/PHRASES
• Base • Least Significant Digit (LSD)
• Binary number system
• Memory dump
• Most Significant Digit (MSD)
• Binary point • Non-positional number
• Bit system
• Decimal number system • Number system
• Division-Remainder technique • Octal number system
• Fractional numbers • Positional number
• Hexadecimal number system system