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    Retrieving Data Using The SQL SELECT Statement

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    Kim Nguyen

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    Retrieving Data Using The SQL SELECT Statement

    Uploaded by

    Kim Nguyen
    27 views22 pages

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    Les02

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    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    27 views22 pages

    Retrieving Data Using The SQL SELECT Statement

    Uploaded by

    Kim Nguyen

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Retrieving Data Using

    the SQL SELECT Statement

    1-1 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Objectives

    After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the


    following:
    • List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
    • Execute a basic SELECT statement

    1-2 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Lesson Agenda

    • Basic SELECT statement


    • Arithmetic expressions and NULL values in the SELECT
    statement
    • Column aliases
    • Use of concatenation operator and the DISTINCT keyword
    • DESCRIBE command

    1-3 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Basic SELECT Statement

    SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


    FROM table;

    • SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed.


    • FROM identifies the table containing those columns.

    1-4 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Selecting All Columns

    SELECT *
    FROM departments;

    1-5 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Selecting Specific Columns

    SELECT department_id, location_id


    FROM departments;

    1-6 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Lesson Agenda

    • Basic SELECT statement


    • Arithmetic expressions and NULL values in the SELECT
    statement
    • Column Aliases
    • Use of concatenation operator and the DISTINCT keyword
    • DESCRIBE command

    1-7 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Arithmetic Expressions

    Create expressions with number and date data by using


    arithmetic operators.

    Operator Description
    + Add
    - Subtract
    * Multiply
    / Divide

    1-8 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Using Arithmetic Operators

    SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300


    FROM employees;

    1-9 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Operator Precedence

    SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100


    FROM employees; 1

    …
    SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)
    FROM employees;
    2

    1 - 10 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Defining a Null Value

    • Null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or


    inapplicable.
    • Null is not the same as zero or a blank space.

    SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct


    FROM employees;

    1 - 11 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

    Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.

    SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct


    FROM employees;

    1 - 12 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Lesson Agenda

    • Basic SELECT statement


    • Arithmetic expressions and NULL values in the SELECT
    statement
    • Column aliases
    • Use of concatenation operator and the DISTINCT keyword
    • DESCRIBE command

    1 - 13 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Defining a Column Alias

    A column alias:
    • Renames a column heading
    • Is useful with calculations
    • Immediately follows the column name (There can also be the
    optional AS keyword between the column name and alias.)
    • Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or
    special characters, or if it is case-sensitive

    1 - 14 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Using Column Aliases

    SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm


    FROM employees;

    …
    SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"
    FROM employees;

    1 - 15 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Lesson Agenda

    • Basic SELECT Statement


    • Arithmetic Expressions and NULL values in SELECT
    statement
    • Column Aliases
    • Use of concatenation operator and the DISTINCT keyword
    • DESCRIBE command

    1 - 16 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Concatenation Operator

    A concatenation operator:
    • Links columns or character strings to other columns
    • Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
    • Creates a resultant column that is a character expression

    SELECT last_name||job_id AS "Employees"


    FROM employees;

    1 - 17 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Duplicate Rows

    The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate


    rows.
    SELECT department_id
    FROM employees; 1

    …
    SELECT DISTINCT department_id
    FROM employees;
    2

    …
    1 - 18 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
    Lesson Agenda

    • Basic SELECT statement


    • Arithmetic expressions and NULL values in the SELECT
    statement
    • Column aliases
    • Use of concatenation operator, literal character strings,
    alternative quote operator, and the DISTINCT keyword
    • DESCRIBE command

    1 - 19 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Displaying the Table Structure

    • Use the DESCRIBE command to display the structure of a


    table.
    • Or, select the table in the Connections tree and use the
    Columns tab to view the table structure.
    DESC[RIBE] tablename

    1 - 20 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Using the DESCRIBE Command

    DESCRIBE employees

    1 - 21 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.


    Summary

    In this lesson, you should have learned how to:


    • Write a SELECT statement that:
    – Returns all rows and columns from a table
    – Returns specified columns from a table
    – Uses column aliases to display more descriptive column
    headings

    SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


    FROM table;

    1 - 22 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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