Phonetics: Phonetics Is A Branch of Linguistics That Studies How Humans Make and Perceive Sounds

Phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics

that studies how humans make
and perceive sounds.
Articulatory Phonetics ●
The study of how speech sounds are produced.
Consonants ●
Involve some constriction of airflow.
Vowels ●
Does not involve constriction of airflow.
SPEECH
ORGANS
Those parts of
the body used
in speech
production
Speech Organs

Lungs
Provide the energy source for the airflow.

The Larynx & the Vocal Folds

The vocal folds are placed horizontally from front to
back. The opening between them is called the glottis.
The Articulators

Transform the sound into intelligible speech.
ARTICULATORS
1. Lips : Create bilabial and labio-dental sounds.
2. Teeth : Create labio-dental and dental sound.
3. Tongue : Divided into different parts : tip, blade,
front, back and root.
4. Alveolar ridge : Hard ridge behind the upper
front teeth.
5. Hard palate : A thin horizontal bony palate,
located in the roof of the mouth.
6. Soft palate/velum : It should have holes forming
that function during speech to separate mouth
from the nose.
7. Uvula : The teardrop-shaped piece of soft tissue
that hangs down the back of your throat.
8. Glottis : The middle part of the larynx; the area
where the vocal cords are located.
PLACE OF
ARTICULATION
Refers to where the

constriction of
airflow takes place.
1. Bilabial
Bilabial sounds are produced with both lips.
e.g. /p/ as in “purse” and “rap“
/b/ as in “back” and “cab“
/m/ as in “mad” and “clam“
2. Labio-dental
Labio-dental sounds are produced with the upper teeth
and the lower lip.
e.g. /f/ as in “fro” and “calf“
/v/ as in “vine” and “have”
3. Dental
When you block/constrict airflow by placing your tongue against
your upper teeth.
e.g. /θ/ as is “thick” and “bath“
/ð/ as in “the” and “rather”

4. Alveolar
Alveolar sounds are produced with the
tongue at or near the ridge right behind the upper front teeth.
e.g. /n/ as in “no” and “man“
/t/ as in “tab” and “rat“
/d/ as in “dip” and “bad“
/s/ as in “suit” and “bus“
/z/ as in “zit” and “jazz“
/l/ as in “luck” and “fully”
5. Post-alveolar
When you retract your tongue back just a bit from the alveolar ridge.
e.g. /ʃ/ as in “shot” or “brash”
/ʒ/ as in “vision” or “measure”
/tʃ/ as in “chick” or “match”
/dʒ/ as in “jam” or “badge“
6. Palatal
Palatal sounds are produced at the hard palate or the roof of the mouth.
e.g. /j/ as in “yes”
7. Velar
Velar sounds are produced at the velum or soft palate.
e.g. /ŋ/ as in “going” and “uncle”
/k/ as in “kite” and “back“
/g/ as in “good” and “bug“
/w/ as in “wet” and “howard”
8. Glottal
The glottal sounds are produced at the glottis/the space between the vocal
folds.
e.g. /h/ “hi” “Bahamas.”
/?/ (glottal stop, the /t/ sound is silent) ”wha(t)” “la(t)in” “bought”
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Manner of
articulation
refers to how the
airflow is constricted
in the vocal tract.
1. Nasals
when you completely block air flow through your mouth and
let the air pass through your nose.
e.g. /m/ – “mad” and “clam”
/n/ – “no” and “man
/ŋ/ – “going” and “funk”
2. Stop/Plosives
Stop sounds result from a complete constriction of air
flow followed by a release of that air.
e.g. /p/ – purse and rap
/b/ – “back” and “cab”
/t/ – “tab” and “rat”
/d/ – “dip” and “bad”
/k/ – “kite” and “back”
/g/ – “good” and “bug”
3. Fricative
Fricatives are produced when you squeeze air through a small hole or gap in your
mouth .
e.g. /f/ – “fro” and “calf“
/v/ – “vine” and “have”
/θ/ – “thick” and “bath”
/ð/ – “the” and “rather”
/s/ – “suit” and “bus”
/z/ – “zit” and “jazz”
/ʃ/ – “shot” and “brash”
/ʒ/ – “vision” and “measure”
/h/ – “happy” and “hope”
3. Affricate
Affricates result from a sequence of stop plus fricative
in rapid succession.
e.g. /tʃ/ – “chick” “match”
/dʒ/ – “jam” “badge”
4. Approximants
When two articulators come close together but not
quite close enough to causing audible friction.
e.g. /w/ – “wet”
/j/ – “yes”
/ɹ/ – “right”
5. Lateral
Lateral consonants are when the tongue blocks the
middle of your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides.
e.g. /l/ – “luck”
Visual representation of speech sounds
Phonetic transcription
(or phones) by means of symbols.
Types of Monophthong
Vowels • 1 vowel e.g. “bat”
sounds
Diphthong
• 2 vowels e.g. “say”
CRITERIA FOR DESCRIBING VOWELS
Refers to how high or low the tongue is when producing

Height the vowels. e.g. /i/ as in “see” is a high vowel. /ɛ/ as in
“bed” is a mid vowel. /ɑ/ as in “hot” is a low vowel.
Refers to how far front or back the tongue is when

Backness producing the vowels. e.g. /i/ is a front vowel. /u/ is
a back vowel. /ə/ is a central vowel.
Refers to the amount of rounding in the lips when
Roundedness producing the vowels. e.g. /u/ is a rounded vowel
and /i/ is not a rounded vowel.
Sources :
https://www.Mimicmethod.Com/ft101/place-of-articu
lation/
enunciate.arts.ubc.ca
https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2010/12/organs-of
-speech.html
https://fglzesol.wordpress.com/2013/02/17/the-
sounds-of-english-ipa/

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Phonetics

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics

Provide the energy source for the airflow.

Refers to where the

Refers to how high or low the tongue is when producing

Refers to how far front or back the tongue is when

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