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    Endocrinology: Prof - DR. Didik Tamtomo, DR PAK, MM, MKK Pakar Anatomi Kedokteran

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    AnnisaInayati-ms
    This document discusses endocrinology and hormones. It describes how hormones act as chemical messengers that are produced in one location and carried through the bloodstream to target cells elsewhere. There are several types of hormone communication pathways including endocrine, neuroendocrine, paracrine, and autocrine. Hormones can alter cell membrane permeability, stimulate protein synthesis, activate or deactivate enzyme systems, induce secretory activity, and stimulate cell division. Hormones are also classified as steroids, amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Several glands and tissues that produce hormones are described such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, and testes. Common hormones and their functions

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    Endocrinology: Prof - DR. Didik Tamtomo, DR PAK, MM, MKK Pakar Anatomi Kedokteran

    Uploaded by

    AnnisaInayati-ms
    81 views78 pages
    This document discusses endocrinology and hormones. It describes how hormones act as chemical messengers that are produced in one location and carried through the bloodstream to target cells elsewhere. There are several types of hormone communication pathways including endocrine, neuroendocrine, paracrine, and autocrine. Hormones can alter cell membrane permeability, stimulate protein synthesis, activate or deactivate enzyme systems, induce secretory activity, and stimulate cell division. Hormones are also classified as steroids, amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Several glands and tissues that produce hormones are described such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, and testes. Common hormones and their functions

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    Endocrinology

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    This document discusses endocrinology and hormones. It describes how hormones act as chemical messengers that are produced in one location and carried through the bloodstream to target cells elsewhere. There are several types of hormone communication pathways including endocrine, neuroendocrine, paracrine, and autocrine. Hormones can alter cell membrane permeability, stimulate protein synthesis, activate or deactivate enzyme systems, induce secretory activity, and stimulate cell division. Hormones are also classified as steroids, amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Several glands and tissues that produce hormones are described such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, and testes. Common hormones and their functions

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    81 views78 pages

    Endocrinology: Prof - DR. Didik Tamtomo, DR PAK, MM, MKK Pakar Anatomi Kedokteran

    Uploaded by

    AnnisaInayati-ms
    This document discusses endocrinology and hormones. It describes how hormones act as chemical messengers that are produced in one location and carried through the bloodstream to target cells elsewhere. There are several types of hormone communication pathways including endocrine, neuroendocrine, paracrine, and autocrine. Hormones can alter cell membrane permeability, stimulate protein synthesis, activate or deactivate enzyme systems, induce secretory activity, and stimulate cell division. Hormones are also classified as steroids, amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Several glands and tissues that produce hormones are described such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, and testes. Common hormones and their functions

    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 78

    ENDOCRINOLOGY

    Prof.DR. Didik Tamtomo,dr PAK, MM, MKK


    Pakar Anatomi Kedokteran
    HORMONE

    A chemical messenger that is produced at


    one site and carried by the blood to its site
    of action (target cells)
    INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION
    Endocrine

    Cell Target Cell


    Blood
    Hormone Hormone

    Neuroendocrine

    Neuron Target Cell


    Blood
    Hormone Hormone
    Paracrine
    Cell Interstitial Fluid Target Cell

    Hormon Hormone
    e
    Autocrine

    Cell

    Interstitial Fluid
    Hormone
    MECHANISM OF HORMONE
    ACTION

    Hormones produce one or more of the following


    cellular changes:

    •    Alter plasma membrane permeability


    •    Stimulate protein synthesis
    •    Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
    •    Induce secretory activity
    •    Stimulate mitosis
    CLASSIFICATION OF
    HORMONES
     Steroid
    - Lipid soluble (diffuse through plasma membrane
    because they are made of cholesterol)

     Amino acid (most are this type)


    - Activate secondary messengers because the
    hormone must 1st bind to the plasma membrane

    - Secondary messengers – cAMP, DAG, IP3


    SECONDARY MESSENGERS

    Hormone activates a G protein

    activates phosphatydal inositol biphosphate PIP2

    which breaks into Diacyleglycerol DAG + IP3


    and inositol triphosphate

    These activate calcium release from the E.R. and protein kinases
    in the cell which phosphorylates proteins
    (adds PO4 )
    STEROID HORMONES

    Gland/Tissue Hormones
    Adrenal Cortex Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens

    Testes Testosterone

    Ovaries Estrogens, Progesterone

    Corpus Luteum Estrogens, Progesterone

    Placenta Estrogens, Progesterone

    Kidney 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
    AMINE HORMONES

    Gland/Tissue Hormones
    Hypothalamus Dopamine
    Thyroid T3 , T 4
    Adrenal medulla NE, EPI
    PEPTIDE & PROTEIN HORMONES
    Gland/Tissue Hormones Gland/Tissue Hormones
    Hypothalamus TRH, GnRH, CRH Placenta HCG, HCS or
    GHRH, HPL
    Somatostatin,
    Anterior pituitary ACTH, TSH, FSH, Kidney Renin
    LH, PRL, GH
    Posterior pituitary Oxytocin, ADH Heart ANP
    Thyroid Calcitonin G.I. tract Gastrin, CCK,
    Secretin, GIP,
    Somatostatin
    Pancreas Insulin,Glucagon
    Liver Somatomedin C Adipocyte Leptin
    (IGF-1)
    Parathyroid PTH Adrenal medulla Norepinephrine,
    epinephrine
    PITUITARY GLAND
    PITUITARY GLAND HORMONES
    ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
    Stimulates adrenal glands to make Cortisol and
    aldosterone
    ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
    Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water
    preventing dehydration
    GH (Growth hormone)
    Causes bone and muscle growth
    TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
    (Stimulates thyroid gland to make T3 and T4)
    LH (Luitenizing hormone)
    Stimulates estrogen & progesterone secretion
    from ovaries & testosterone secretion from
    testes
    FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
    Egg & sperm production
    Oxytocin
    Causes uterine contractions & milk ejection
    Prolactin
    milk production
    MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
    Causes melanin production in skin
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH
    HORMONE

    • Gigantism
    • Acromegaly
    • Dwarfism
    GIGANTISM
    ACROMEGALY
    PITUITARY DWARFISM
    PINEAL GLAND
     Melatonin (Initiates sleep)
    THYROID GLAND
    THYROID HORMONE
    T3 (Triiodothyronine) (Controls metabolism)

    T4 (Thyroxin)

     Glucose oxidation
    •   Increasing metabolic rate
    •   Heat production
    •    Maintaining blood pressure
    •    Regulating tissue growth
    •    Developing skeletal and nervous systems
    •    Maturation and reproductive capabilities

    Calcitonin (Builds up bone to lower blood calcium)


    GOITERS
    GRAVES DISEASE
    CRETINISM
    PARATHYROID GLAND
     PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
    Breaks down bone to
    raise blood calcium
    PTH ACTIONS

     Bone
      resorption (  osteoclasts)
      osteocytic osteolysis
     Kidney
      Ca2+ reabsorption
      phosphate reabsorption
      Na+ reabsorption (weak effect)
      1,25-(OH)2-D3
     Intestine
      Ca2+ absorption
      phosphate absorption
    THYMUS GLAND
     Thymosin
    Controls immune system
    PANCREAS
     Insulin
    Allows glucose to enter cells;
    LOWERS blood glucose
     Glucagon
    Stimulates liver to make glucose;
    RAISES blood glucose

    Islets of Langerhans have two cell types


    •    Alpha () cells that produce glucagon
    •    Beta () cells that produce insulin
    ADRENAL GLANDS
    Medulla
    a. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
    Increases: blood glucose, heart rate,
    blood pressure, breathing rate, & dilates
    bronchioles
    b. Nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenaline)
    Same as Epinephrine
    Cortex
    a. Cortisol
    Stress released to increase blood
    glucose
    b. Aldosterone
    Controls salt & water balance
    c. Androgens
    small amounts of estrogen and
    testosterone
    MOON FACE
    PLETHORA
    TESTIS
     Testosterone
    Creates male secondary sex
    characteristics
    OVARIES
     Estrogen
    Creates female secondary sex
    characteristics

     Progesterone
    Thickens the uterus lining each month
    HIRSUTISM
    TERIMA KASIH

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