Rheology is the study of fluid flow and deformation under stress. Viscosity expresses a fluid's resistance to flow, with higher viscosity indicating greater resistance. Newton's law describes flow for Newtonian fluids, where viscosity is constant regardless of stress. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on stress, and can show plastic, pseudoplastic (shear-thinning), or dilatant (shear-thickening) flow. Rheograms plot shear rate versus shear stress to characterize fluid properties.
Rheology is the study of fluid flow and deformation under stress. Viscosity expresses a fluid's resistance to flow, with higher viscosity indicating greater resistance. Newton's law describes flow for Newtonian fluids, where viscosity is constant regardless of stress. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on stress, and can show plastic, pseudoplastic (shear-thinning), or dilatant (shear-thickening) flow. Rheograms plot shear rate versus shear stress to characterize fluid properties.
Rheology is the study of fluid flow and deformation under stress. Viscosity expresses a fluid's resistance to flow, with higher viscosity indicating greater resistance. Newton's law describes flow for Newtonian fluids, where viscosity is constant regardless of stress. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on stress, and can show plastic, pseudoplastic (shear-thinning), or dilatant (shear-thickening) flow. Rheograms plot shear rate versus shear stress to characterize fluid properties.
Rheology is the study of fluid flow and deformation under stress. Viscosity expresses a fluid's resistance to flow, with higher viscosity indicating greater resistance. Newton's law describes flow for Newtonian fluids, where viscosity is constant regardless of stress. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable viscosity depending on stress, and can show plastic, pseudoplastic (shear-thinning), or dilatant (shear-thickening) flow. Rheograms plot shear rate versus shear stress to characterize fluid properties.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 18
RHEOLOGY
Rheology – is the study of flow of fluids
& deformation properties of matter under the influence of stress. – important role in dispensing & formulation of various dosage forms including emulsions, suspensions, creams, lotions & tablet coatings. Rheogram – is a plot of shear rate (G) as a function of shear stress (F).
Viscosity – is an expression of the
resistance of a fluid to flow. - the higher the viscosity, the greater is the resistance. Newton’s law of flow Rate of shear - the difference of velocity (dv) between two planes of liquid separated by the distance (dr). - also known as Velocity gradient (denoted by symbol G). Shearing stress - the force per unit area (F/A) applied to the top layer to push the liquid to flow. Kinematic viscosity – the absolute viscosity divided by the density of the liquid at a specific temperature. - units are stoke(s), centistokes(cs) Types of flow & deformation:
Shows constant viscosity Shows different viscosity
regardless of shear rates values at different shearing applied at a given rates at a given temperature temperature
Obeys the Newton’s law Does not obey Newton’s
law
Examples are water, milk Examples are emulsions,
suspensions, ointments Non-Newtonian
Three classes of flow:
1. Plastic Flow 2. Pseudoplastic Flow 3. Dilatant Flow A. Plastic Flow - These are the simplest types of Non- Newtonian fluids. They differ from Newtonian fluids only in the linear relationship that they do not pass through the origin. - Plastic material does not begin to flow until a certain shearing stress (yield value) is exceeded. B. Pseudoplastic Flow - referred as shear thinning system because at increasing shear stress, the viscosity decreases. C. Dilatant Flow - Suspensions containing high concentration (>40-50%) of small, deflocculated particles. Thixotrophy - an isothermal and comparatively slow recovery, on standing of a material, of a consistency lost through shearing. - only exhibits plastic & pseudoplastic systems.
Hysteresis loop – formed by the upcurves &
downcurves of the rheogram. Area of hysteresis – measurement of thixotrophy. Example of a concentrated aq. Bentonite gel, 10% to 15% by wt., produces a hysterisis loop w/ a characteristic bulge in the upcurve. Example is Procaine penicilline gel for IM inj. This structure demonstrates a high yield or spur value that traces out a bowed upcurve when the 3D structure breaks in the viscometer. Negative thixotrphy – also known as antithixotrphy. - represents an increase rather than a decrease in consistency on the down curve.
The difference between dilatancy and rheopexy.
Dilatant systems - are deflocculated and ordinarily contain greater than 50% by volume of solid dispersed phase, whereas antithixotropic systems have low solids content(1%—10%) and are focculated. Rheopexy – phenomenon in w/c a solid forms a gel more readily when gently shaken or otherwise sheared than when allowed to form gel while the material is kept at rest.