METABOLISM – I AND NUTRITION

Course No.: BIO – 2031(S)

Introduction to Metabolism
Lecture 1

Ms. Shahana Rasheed

Lecturer
Department of Biochemistry
JUW

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 Course Outline
:CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

,Glycolysis

,Citric Acid Cycle

,Pentose Phosphate Pathways

,Gluconeogenesis

.Glycogen Metabolism
 

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 Learning Objectives
:In this lecture you will be given information about
Relationship between Anabolism and Catabolism
Chemical energy
Metabolic pathways and their characteristics
Cellular level compartmentation
Control of metabolic pathways
ATP and its production by the cells
Stages of catabolism
Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
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 Learning Outcomes
:By the end of this lecture you will be able to
Discuss the relationship between Anabolism and Catabolism
Define the chemical energy
Explain the metabolic pathways and their characteristics
State what is cellular level compartmentation
Describe the control of metabolic pathways
Explain what is ATP and how it is produced by the cells
Discuss the stages of catabolism
State the mechanism for the digestion of carbohydrates,
.proteins and lipids

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 Anabolism Catabolism

large complex organic Decomposition of large complex

molecules are constructed molecules into small molecules
from small molecules

Biosynthetic Degradative

Reductive Oxidative

Energy Required Energy Liberated

Diverging Converging
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 Catabolism Anabolism
)converging( )diverging(
Many Few Few Many

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 Catabolism and anabolism are always related
Nutrients Macromolecules
Carbohydrates Proteins
Fats Polysaccharides
Proteins Lipids
Nucleic acids

GTP
ATP
NADPH
Catabolism NADPH Anabolism
Chemical
(oxidative, (reductive,
energy
exergonic) NADPH NADH endergonic)
ATP
ATP
Precursor Molecules
End products Amino acids
Sugars
H2O, CO2, NH3 Fatty acids
7 Nitrogenous bases
 Chemical energy

 ATP - energy currency. It serves as the driving force

for nearly all biochemical processes

 NADH,NADPH - reducing power.

NADH for oxidation and energy yielding.

NADPH for biosynthetic processes

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 Metabolic Pathways

Sequential steps catalyzed by enzymes

intermediates

A B C D
 A is a precursor for B, C and D metabolites of A
 B is a precursor for C and D

 C is a precursor for D

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 Characteristics of Metabolic Pathways

 Metabolic pathways are irreversible

 Metabolic pathways have committed step

Early step unique to a pathway
Irreversible step
 Requires energy
 Often results in a phosphorylated compound

 Metabolic pathways are regulated

 Metabolic pathways are compartmentalized.

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 Cellular level Compartmentation

 Mitochondria (TCA cycle, fatty acid

oxidation, amino acid breakdown)

 Cytosol (glycolysis, fatty acid

biosynthesis, pentose phosphate
pathway)

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 Control of metabolic pathways

Molecular level:
 Control of enzyme levels
gene expression (slow).
 Control of enzyme activity (fast)
- allosteric control (binding of an effector at one site
affects enzyme activity at another site).
- covalent control (phosphorylation, adenylylation, etc).

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 :Major purpose living things require energy for
 Mechanical work in muscle  Active transportof
contraction and other cellular molecules and ions
movement

 Synthesis of biomolecules
and simple precursors
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 ATP
 Nucleotide with three phosphate
groups attached to the ribose sugar

 Most important phosphate

compound in metabolism

 One of the common links between

catabolism and anabolism is ATP

 ATP is used to shuttle chemical

energy from catabolism to anabolism

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 A large amount of energy is liberated when

1. ATP → ADP + Pi (orthophosphate)

2. ATP → AMP + PPi (pyrophospahte)

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 ATP is continuously formed and consumed

Resting person consumes ~ 40kg of ATP/ 24 hr.

Motion, Active transport,

Biosynthesis, Signal amplification

ADP ATP
Photosynthesis or oxidation of fuel
molecules

Basic model of energy exchange in biological

systems

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 How do cells make ATP
3 mechanisms of phosphorylation:

1. substrate level phosphorylation- where a substrate molecule

( X-p ) donates its high energy P to ADP making ATP

2. Oxidative phosphorylation
e- transferred from organic molecules and passed through a
series of acceptors to O2

3. Photophosphorylation   
Occurs during photosynthesis –light energy used to make ATP
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The Four Stages of Catabolism

Energy Conversions
The conversion of
food into cellular
energy (as ATP)
occurs in three
.stages

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Digestion of Carbohydrates

The Principal
Events and Sites
of Carbohydrate
Digestion

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Digestion of Proteins

The Principal
Events and
Sites of
Protein
Digestion

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Digestion of Lipids

The Principal
Events and
Sites of Lipid
(Primarily
Triglyceride)
Digestion

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 References / Links
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-
transport/hs-introduction-to-metabolism/a/overview-of-metabolism
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-9427-4_8.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/science/metabolism
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Eastern_Mennonite_University/EMU
%3A_Chemistry_for_the_Life_Sciences_(Cessna)/20%3A_Energy_Metabolism/20.0
%3A_Introduction_to_Metabolism
Harper's Review of Biochemistry by R.K Murray et al, 27th Edition. Lange Medical
.Publication, 2012
.Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlation by Devlin T.M.7th edition, 2010
Biochemistry Textbook by U Satyanarayana
.Biochemistry by Zubay, 4th edition. Maxwell Macmillan. N.Y, 1999

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 ! THANK YOU

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