SKELETAL SYSTEM

Skeletal System
► Skeletal System
The skeletal system provides the
shape and form for our bodies in
addition to supporting and
protecting our bodies, allowing
bodily movement, producing blood
cells, and storing minerals. This
system consists of bones, cartilage,
and joints.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Support of the body
 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation
What is the Structure ► Typical Four Layers:
of Bone?  Periosteum: Covers
Bones
 Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
 Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the
compact bone
 Bone Marrow: Fills
the gaps between
the spongy bone
How Strong are  The structure of
Bones? bones make it
both strong and
light weight.
 20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
 Bone is made up
of 2 minerals:
►Calcium
►Phosphorus
 Bone Growth
►Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during
childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
► Cartilage is broken down
► Bone replaces cartilage
 Bone Growth
►Bones are remodeled and lengthened until
growth stops
 Bones change shape somewhat
 Bones grow in width
 Changes in the Human Skeleton
►Inembryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
►During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by
bone
►Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
What are the ► Four basic bone shapes:
Basic Bone
 1. Long- arms, legs and
Shapes? fingers
 2. Short- wrist and ankles
 3. Flat- skull and sternum
 4. Irregular- spine
 ► Axial Skeleton: The
What are the Two
Major Skeletal System axial skeleton includes
the skull, spine, ribs
Parts? and sternum.

► Appendicular
Skeleton: The
appendicular skeleton
includes the
appendages of the
body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips,
and legs.
 Clavicle or Collarbone
► The clavicle, or collar bone,
holds the shoulder joint away
from the rest of the upper body
and is only as thick as your little
finger.
 Scapula
► The scapula is located on the
back side of the ribcage and
helps provide part of the
shoulder joint and movement
for the arms.
 Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck bones) 

 
2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the

back) 
Coccyx and Sacrum
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
 Radius and Ulna
► Radius on Top

► Ulna on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Pelvis
 Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
 • A joint is a place
What are
where two bones
Joints? come together.

• Joints allow the

bones to move in
different ways.

• Three types of
joints:
• Immovable
• Movable
• Slightly Movable
 What are • A joint that
Immovable Joints? allows little or
no movement
 • Most of the joint are
What are movable joints.
• Allow the body to move
Movable Joints? in a wide range of
movements.
• Bones in movable
joints are held together
by strong connective
tissue called
ligaments.
• Four types of movable
joints:
• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
• Pivot
• Gliding
 ► Round end of bone
fitting snuggly within
What is a Ball- another bone.
and-Socket Joint?  Ex. Shoulder and
Hip
► Allows the greatest
range of motion.
 The ball-and-socket
joint allows you to
swing your arm
freely in a circle.
 ► Movement in one
What is a direction like a door.
 Ex. Knee and Elbow
Hinge Joint? ► Allows forward or
backward motion.
 ► Bone resting atop
another bone permitting
What is a Pivot free movement.
Joint?  Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
► Allows one bone to
rotate around another.
 Allows you to turn your
head
 ► Allows one bone to
What is a Gliding slide over another.
Joint?  Ex. Knuckles,
wrist, ankle
► Allows your to
bend and flex as
well as make
limited side to side
motions.
 ►Connects bone to
What is a bone.
Ligament?
 ►Attaches
What is a muscles to
Tendon? bones.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Muscular System
► Muscular System
This system is made up of muscle
tissue that helps move the body
and move materials through the
body. Quite simply, muscles move
you. Muscles are bundles of cells
and fibers that work in a simple
way: they tighten up and relax
 Muscles
► Only body tissue able to
contract
► create movement by
flexing and extending
joints
► Body energy converters
(many muscle cells
contain many
mitochondria)
3 Types of Muscles
 Classification of Muscle
Skeletal- Cardiac- Smooth-
found in limbs found in heart Found in
viscera

Striated, multi- Striated, 1 Not striated, 1

nucleated nucleus nucleus

voluntary involuntary involuntary

 Muscle Control
Type of Nervous Type of Example
muscle control control

Skeletal
Skeletal Controlled Voluntary Lifting a
by CNS glass
Cardiac Regulated Involuntary Heart
by ANS beating
Smooth Controlled Involuntary Peristalsis
by ANS
 Types of Responses

► Twitch
 A single brief contraction
 Not a normal muscle function
► Tetanus
 One contraction immediately followed by
another
 Muscle never completely returns to a
relaxed state
 Effects are compounded
Where Does the Energy Come
From?
► Energy is stored in the muscles in the
form of ATP
► ATP comes from the breakdown of
glucose during Cellular Respiration
► This all happens in the Mitochondria
of the cell
► When a muscle is fatigued (tired) it is
unable to contract because of lack of
Oxygen
 Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

► When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to

contract
► The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
 Oxygen must be placed
 Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
► Increaseacidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
 Exercise and Muscles
► Isotonic- muscles shorten and movement occurs ( most
normal exercise)
► Isometric- tension in muscles increases, no movement
occurs (pushing one hand against the other)
How are Muscles Attached to Bone?

► Origin-attachment to a movable bone

► Insertion- attachment to an
immovable bone
► Muscles are always attached to at least
2 points
► Movement is attained due to a muscle
moving an attached bone
 Muscle Attachments

Insertion

Origin
Types of Musculo-Skeletal Movement
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction, Adduction &
Circumduction
Rotation
 More Types of Movement……
► Inversion- turn sole of foot medially
► Eversion- turn sole of foot laterally
► Pronation- palm facing down
► Supination- palm facing up
► Opposition- thumb touches tips of fingers on the same
hand
The Skeletal Muscles
There are about 650 muscles in
the human body. They enable us
to move, maintain posture and
generate heat.
Sternocleidomastoideus
Flexes and Rotates Head
Masseter
Elevate Mandible
 Temporalis
Elevate & Retract Mandible
 Trapezius
Extend Head, Adduct, Elevate
or Depress Scapula
 Latissimus Dorsi
Extend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially
 Deltoid
Abduct, Flex & Extend Arm
 Pectoralis Major
Flexes, adducts & rotates arm
medially
Biceps Brachii
Flexes Elbow Joint
Triceps Brachii
Extend Elbow Joint
Rectus Abdominus
Flexes Abdomen
External Oblique
Compress Abdomen
External Intercostals
Elevate ribs
Internal Intercostals
Depress ribs
Diaphragm
Inspiration
 Forearm Muscles
► Flexor carpi—Flexes wrist
► Extensor carpi—Extends wrist
► Flexor digitorum—Flexes fingers
► Extensor digitorum—Extends fingers
► Pronator—Pronates
► Supinator—Supinates
 Gluteus Maximus
Extends & Rotates
Thigh Laterally
 Rectus Femoris
Flexes Thigh,
Extends Lower
Leg