Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 455 views

    Characterization of Industrial Waste Waters

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Akepati Sivarami Reddy
    The document discusses various types of industrial wastewaters and their characterization. It identifies the importance of quantifying and characterizing wastewaters at their sources to enable recycling, reuse, and appropriate treatment. Two approaches for quantification include mass balance and actual flow measurement using calibrated meters. The document then describes various contaminants found in wastewaters like biodegradable organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, pesticides, and more along with their impacts and treatment methods.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Characterization of Industrial Waste Waters

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Akepati Sivarami Reddy
    455 views11 pages
    The document discusses various types of industrial wastewaters and their characterization. It identifies the importance of quantifying and characterizing wastewaters at their sources to enable recycling, reuse, and appropriate treatment. Two approaches for quantification include mass balance and actual flow measurement using calibrated meters. The document then describes various contaminants found in wastewaters like biodegradable organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, pesticides, and more along with their impacts and treatment methods.

    Original Description:

    deals with the characterisitcs of the wastewater.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses various types of industrial wastewaters and their characterization. It identifies the importance of quantifying and characterizing wastewaters at their sources to enable recycling, reuse, and appropriate treatment. Two approaches for quantification include mass balance and actual flow measurement using calibrated meters. The document then describes various contaminants found in wastewaters like biodegradable organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, pesticides, and more along with their impacts and treatment methods.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    455 views11 pages

    Characterization of Industrial Waste Waters

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Akepati Sivarami Reddy
    The document discusses various types of industrial wastewaters and their characterization. It identifies the importance of quantifying and characterizing wastewaters at their sources to enable recycling, reuse, and appropriate treatment. Two approaches for quantification include mass balance and actual flow measurement using calibrated meters. The document then describes various contaminants found in wastewaters like biodegradable organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, pesticides, and more along with their impacts and treatment methods.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    of 11

    Industrial Wastewaters and their

    Characterization and
    Quantification
    Wastewater characteristics
    Inventory of the wastewaters generated by an industry: identification
    of sources, quantification and characterization of each of the
    wastewaters
    Better characterize and quantify wastewaters closest to their sources
    prior to mixing with other effluents
    • Recycling and reuse can become more feasible
    • Resources and byproducts recovery
    • Deciding on appropriate segregation and mixing scheme for
    wastewaters demands this
    Two approaches can be followed for the quantification
    • Mass balance approach
    • Actual measurement approach (preferred approach) – involves
    use of calibrated flow meters
    – Meters for open channel flow measurement
    – Meters for pipe flow measurement
    – Flow measurement technique should be appropriately chosen to suit
    the site conditions
    Wastewater composition can be known at least qualitatively from
    • knowing the inputs to the operation
    • understanding the mechanism of effluent generation
    Contaminants that may Affect the
    Utility Value of Water
    • Biodegradable organic matter (BOD as indicator)
    • Suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids (TSS, turbidity,
    TDS, salinity, chlorinity, conductivity as indicators)
    • Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) (nitrate-N, TKN,
    Ammonical-N, orthro-P and total-P as indicators)
    • Pathogens (E. coli as indicator)
    • Acids & bases and ionic species (acidity, alkalinity, pH,
    sulfates, fluorides as indicator)
    • Heavy metals (chromium, nickel, zinc, etc. as indicators)
    • Inorganic toxic substances (cyanides as indicator)
    • Priority organic pollutants (Pesticides, Recalcitrant pollutants,
    Colour and odour causing substances, Volatile organic
    compounds, etc.)
    Water Contaminants
    Biodegradable organic matter
    – Depletes of DO and kills aquatic life
    – Produces acids, reduces pH & pE, and solubilizes metals
    – Responsible for bad odours and gases responsible for air
    pollution (H2S, N2O, CH4, etc.)
    – BOD is used to measure concentration (COD can also be used if
    BOD-COD relationship is established)
    – Aerobic & anaerobic treatment processes for removal
    Suspended matter
    – Spoils aesthetic look
    – Bottom sediments affect benthic aquatic life
    – Organic suspended matter bleeds soluble biodegradable organic
    matter
    – Settling, filtration, flotation for removal
    Colloidal matter
    – Imparts turbidity, obstructs penetration of light and affects
    photosynthesis, contribute to taste & odor
    – Turbidity is the parameter used for knowing the concentration
    (JTU, NTU)
    – Coagulation-flocculation-settling for removal
    Water Contaminants
    Dissolved solids
    – Affects utility value of water for drinking, industrial and irrigation
    uses (taste, scaling, salinization of soils)
    – Requires softening, demineralization, desalinization processes
    – TDS, conductivity, salinity, chlorinity, hardness are used for
    measuring
    – Reverse osmosis, evaporation, ion-exchange process for
    removal

    Nutrients
    – Municipal sewage, effluents from fertilizer industry, agricultural
    drainage
    – Eutrophication of surface waters (coastal waters and fresh
    waters), nitrate pollution of ground water
    – TKN, NH3-N, NO3-N; orthrophosphate and total phosphorus
    – Biological treatment systems for removal (nitrification-
    denitrification, ecological engineering systems and assimilative
    use by plants)
    Water Pollution (contd..)
    Pathogens
    – Sources- sewage, effluents from animal keeping, and food
    processing industry
    – Water borne diseases – hepatitis, colera, disentry, etc.
    – Measurement – coliform bacteria (fecal) as indicator and
    MPN test
    – chlorination, ozonation, UV radiation and even filtration for
    disinfection

    Heavy metals
    – Metals having toxicity, metals with SG > 4 to 5
    – Aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury,
    nickel, strontium, zinc, etc.
    – Sources- industrial processes, mining and mineral
    processing, contaminated ground water
    – Bioaccumulation and toxicity – affecting nervous system
    and kidneys, carcinogenic & mutagenic
    – Use of AAS and ICP for measurement
    – Precipitation removal
    Water Pollution (contd..)
    Pesticides
    • Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and rodenticides) and
    herbicides – agricultural activity, public health and industrial
    production
    • Synthetic organic pesticides – organochlorines,
    organophosphates and carbamates
    – DDT, organochlorine compound, (bioaccumulation) – endrin,
    endosulfan, heptachlor, etc.
    – Organophosphates (parathion, malathion, etc.) – replacement
    to organochlorines – more toxic
    – Carbamates (aldicarb, carbaryl, etc.) – toxic
    • Banning and regulating use, replacing with biopesticides, and
    integrated pest control, natural farming
    • GC and HPLC are used for measurement
    VOC (volatile organic compounds)
    Industrial solvents found in ground water (vinyl chloride, tetrachloro-
    ethylene, trichloro-ethylene, 1,2-dichloro-ethane, carbon
    tetrachloride) -landfills
    – carcinogenic & mutagenic and toxic – air stripping
    Water Pollution (contd..)
    Fluorides and Cyanides
    • Fluoride- natural geological source, industrial waste (fertilizer
    industry), intentional addition
    • Causes bone fluorosis, prevents tooth decay (causes
    mottling of teeth)
    • upper and lower limits in drinking water !
    • Precipitation removal (defluoridation)
    • Cyanide – used in industry (mineral processing, metal cleaning
    and electroplating)
    • Poisonous to life – great affinity to metals and forms less
    toxic cyanide complexes with metals

    Thermal pollution
    • Cooling waters of industry (power plants)
    • Affects life
    – within limits promote fish productivity
    – acclimation to sudden changes is difficult
    – increased metabolic rates and oxygen demand
    – decreased ability of water to hold oxygen
    Water Pollution (contd..)
    Soaps and detergents
    • Soaps are salts of higher fatty acids
    • Ca+2 and Mg+2 precipitates soaps and form unsighty but
    biodegradable scums
    • Detergents have
    – surfactants like alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS)
    – builders like polyphosphates
    • ABS are non-biodegradable and toxic, and cause foaming,
    lower surface tension, deflocculate colloids, flotate solids and
    emulsify oils and grease
    • LAS (linear alkyl sulfonates) is biodegradable and can be a
    substitute to ABS

    Refractory organic pollutants


    • Poorly biodegradable aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons
    • Cause taste and odour problems (colloidal matter facilitates)
    • Biodegradable methods not fit for removal – air stripping,
    solvent extraction, ozonation and carbon adsorption can remove
    Water Pollution (contd..)
    PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) & PBBs
    • PCBs are hydrophobic and have high chemical, thermal and
    biological stability, low vapour pressure and high dielectric
    constants
    • Used mainly as coolant-insulation fluid in rectifiers and
    transformers
    • Show accumulation in sediments and bioaccumulation
    • Can be slowly biodegraded through anaerobic and then aerobic
    biodegradation (act as electron acceptors rather than as carbon
    source)
    • Lead to loss of disease resistance, increased incidence of
    rashes, liver ailments and headaches
    • Manufacture, use and disposal of PCBs is either banned or
    controlled
    Water Pollution (contd..)
    Radionuclides
    • Fission products and products of reactions of neutrons with
    stable nuclei
    • Present in the nuclear wastes (power plants, nuclear tests); used
    in research as tracers; uranium producing regions have radium
    in the environment
    • Emit ionizing radiation (, and  radiation) -  particles less
    penetrating more ionizing (internal radiators), while  and  are
    more penetrating but less damaging
    • Radionuclides may be incorporated or bioaccumulated into life
    forms –Radionuclides of life elements (strontium-90
    interchangeable with calcium)
    • Ionizing radiations initiate harmful chemical reactions in tissues
    and cause genetic damages
    • Type and energy and half life, degree of absorption, chemical
    interactions, and transport determine the effect of radionuclides
    • Concentration is measured in picoCuries/liter
    (Curie = 1012 picoCuries = 3.7x1010 disintegrations)

    You might also like