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Propositional Logic Intro

This document provides an introduction to logic and propositional logic. It defines key concepts like propositions, propositional variables, connectives, truth values, and contradictories. It gives examples of conjunctions (A and B) and disjunctions (A or B) using propositional variables. Truth tables are used to illustrate the truth values of conjunctions and disjunctions based on the truth values of the individual propositions. The last section provides a practice exercise asking the reader to identify the truth values, symbolic and descriptive representations, and negation of two sample propositions. The solution clearly shows the work.

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Ashan Zahid
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
169 views

Propositional Logic Intro

This document provides an introduction to logic and propositional logic. It defines key concepts like propositions, propositional variables, connectives, truth values, and contradictories. It gives examples of conjunctions (A and B) and disjunctions (A or B) using propositional variables. Truth tables are used to illustrate the truth values of conjunctions and disjunctions based on the truth values of the individual propositions. The last section provides a practice exercise asking the reader to identify the truth values, symbolic and descriptive representations, and negation of two sample propositions. The solution clearly shows the work.

Uploaded by

Ashan Zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Introducing Logic

Logic

Study of reasoning.
Focuses on relationship between the
statements rather than the content.

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A Simple Example

All mathematicians wear sandals.


Anyone who wears sandals is an algebraist.
Therefore…..
All mathematicians are algebraists.

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Proposition
A declarative sentence that is either true or false
J= “Ibrahim is wearing a red coat”

Q = “Quaid e Azam wrote Baang e Dra”

T = “Buy two tickets for watching movie in cinema”

D = “Today is Tuesday”

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Propositional Logic

Area of logic that deals with propositions is


called propositional calculus or
propositional logic.

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Propositional Variables and
Connectives

We will use variables, such as p, q, and r, to


represent propositions.
Notation
 p: 1+1=3

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Connectives

We combine propositions using connectives.


 and
 Or

“It is raining” and “It is cold”


 “It is raining and it is cold.”
 It is raining or it is cold.”

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Connectives

Let p and q be propositions.


The conjunction of p and q
 denoted p ∧ q,
 is the proposition p and q.

The disjunction of p and q,


 p ∨ q,
 is the proposition p or q.

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Connectives

If p: It is raining, and q: It is cold


Then the conjunction of p and q is
p ∧ q: It is raining and it is cold.
The disjunction of p and q is
p ∨ q: It is raining or it is cold.

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Truth values of Propositions

The truth value of the conjunction p ∧ q is


determined by the truth values of p and q

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Truth values of Propositions

p: A decade is 10 years,
q: A millenniumis 100 years,
 thenp is true, q is false(a millennium is 1000
years),
conjunction,
p∧ q: A decade is 10 years and a millenniumis
100 years,
is false.

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Truth values of Propositions

The truth value of the disjunction proposition


p∨q defined by the truth table:

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Truth values of Propositions

p: A decade is 10 years,
q: A millenniumis 100 years,
 thenp is true, q is false(a millennium is 1000
years),
disjunction,
p ∨ q: A decade is 10 years or a millenniumis 100
years,
is true.

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Conjunctions
A and B

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Conjunctions A and B

A=“I love Chicken” B= “I hate Meat”

A and B= “I love Chicken and I hate Meat”

“A”=True
“A and B”= True and
“B”=True

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Conjunctions A and B

Ibrahim is a father and Ibrahim is a teacher

Ibrahim is a father and a teacher

Ibrahim is a teacher but he doesn’t like chock


Although
However
yet

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Conjunctions A and B

One last Point:

“A and B and C and D and E”

Is also conjunction, and follows the same logical


rules as “A and B”

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Disjunctions
A or B

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Disjunctions A or B

A=“Ibrahim is at the B= “Ibrahim is at the


movies” library”

A or B= “Ibrahim is at the movies or Ibrahim is at the library”

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Disjunctions A or B

One last Point:

“A or B or C or D or E”

Is also disjunction, and follows the same logical


rules as “A or B”

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Contradictories:
not-A

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Contradictories: not-A
A= “Ibrahim is at the home”
The CONTRADICTORY of A:
A claim that always has the OPPOSITE truth value
of A
Not-A
~A
¬A
Not-A=“Ibrahim is not at the home”
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Contradictories: not-A

TRUTH TABLE for the CONTRADICTORY “not-A”

A Not-A
T F
F T

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Practice Exercise for Today

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)


q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Truth value of p and q
 Truth value of p or q
 Symbolic representations of both.
 Descriptive representation of both.
 Negation of p and its truth value.

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Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)


q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Truth value of p and q
 T
 Truth value of p or q
 T

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Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)


q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Symbolic representations of both.
 p^q
 pvq

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Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)


q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Descriptive representation of both.
 p ^ q : Benny Goodman recorded music and the
Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
 p v q: Benny Goodman recorded music or the Baltimore

used to be St.Lewis Browns.

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Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)


q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Negation of p and its truth value.
 Benny Goodman did not record music.
 It is not the case that Benny Goodman record music.

 Truth value is F.

 Symbolic representation is ~p.

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Thank You!

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