Satellite Communications: CSC 490: Wireless Networking Author: Michael Charles

Satellite Communications
CSC 490:
Wireless Networking
Author:
Michael Charles
Basics: How do Satellites Work
 Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through
radio broadcast but are too far away to use
conventional means.
 The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station
for their communication
 One Earth Station sends a transmission to the
satellite. This is called a Uplink.
 The satellite Transponder converts the signal and
sends it down to the second earth station. This is
called a Downlink.
Basics: Advantages of Satellites
 The advantages of satellite communication

over terrestrial communication are:
 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds
that of a terrestrial system.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of
the distance from the center of the coverage area.
 Satellite to Satellite communication is very
precise.
 Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Basics: Disadvantages of
Satellites
 The disadvantages of satellite

communication:
 Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used
up.
 There is a larger propagation delay in satellite
communication than in terrestrial communication.
Basics: Factors in satellite
communication
 Elevation Angle: The angle of the horizontal of the
earth surface to the center line of the satellite
transmission beam.
 This effects the satellites coverage area. Ideally, you want
a elevation angle of 0 degrees, so the transmission beam
reaches the horizon visible to the satellite in all directions.
 However, because of environmental factors like objects
blocking the transmission, atmospheric attenuation, and the
earth electrical background noise, there is a minimum
elevation angle of earth stations.
communication (cont.)
 Coverage Angle: A measure of the portion of
the earth surface visible to a satellite taking
the minimum elevation angle into account.
 R/(R+h) = sin(π/2 - β - θ)/sin(θ + π/2)
= cos(β + θ)/cos(θ)
R = 6370 km (earth’s radius)
h = satellite orbit height
β = coverage angle
θ = minimum elevation angle
communication (cont.)
 Other impairments to satellite communication:
 The distance between an earth station and a satellite (free
space loss).
 Satellite Footprint: The satellite transmission’s strength is
strongest in the center of the transmission, and decreases
farther from the center as free space loss increases.
 Atmospheric Attenuation caused by air and water can
impair the transmission. It is particularly bad during rain
and fog.
Basics: How Satellites are used
 Service Types
 Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
• Example: Point to Point Communication
 Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
• Example: Satellite Television/Radio
• Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
 Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
• Example: Satellite Phones
Types of Satellites
 Satellite Orbits
 GEO
 LEO
 MEO
 Molniya Orbit
 HAPs
 Frequency Bands
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
 These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above

the earth’s surface along the equator.
 Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around
the earth at the same speed as the earth
rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in
the same position relative to the surface of
earth.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
 LEO satellites are much closer to the earth
than GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to
1,500 km above the surface.
 LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position
relative to the surface, and are only visible
for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
 A network of LEO satellites is necessary for
LEO satellites to be useful
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
 A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000
km and 18,000 km above the earth’s surface.
 MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in
functionality.
 MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of
time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8
hours.
 MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than
LEO satellites.
Other Orbits
 Molniya Orbit Satellites
 Used by Russia for decades.
 Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite
remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth
for eight hours.
 A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a
GEO satellite.
 Useful in near polar regions.
Other Orbits (cont.)
 High Altitude Platform (HAP)
 One of the newest ideas in satellite
communication.
 A blimp or plane around 20 km above the earth’s
surface is used as a satellite.
 HAPs would have very small coverage area, but
would have a comparatively strong signal.
 Cheaper to put in position, but would require a lot
of them in a network.
Frequency Bands
 Different kinds of satellites use different frequency
bands.
 L–Band: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
 S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research
 C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
 X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging, ex:
military and meteorological satellites
 Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
 K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
 Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS
Capacity Allocation
 FDMA
 FAMA-FDMA
 DAMA-FDMA
 TDMA
 Advantages over FDMA
FDMA
 Satellite frequency is already broken into
bands, and is broken in to smaller channels
in Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA).
 Overall bandwidth within a frequency band is
increased due to frequency reuse (a
frequency is used by two carriers with
orthogonal polarization).
FDMA (cont.)
 The number of sub-channels is limited by
three factors:
 Thermal noise (too weak a signal will be effected
by background noise).
 Intermodulation noise (too strong a signal will
cause noise).
 Crosstalk (cause by excessive frequency
reusing).
FDMA (cont.)
 FDMA can be performed in two ways:
 Fixed-assignment multiple access (FAMA):
The sub-channel assignments are of a fixed
allotment. Ideal for broadcast satellite
communication.
 Demand-assignment multiple access (DAMA):
The sub-channel allotment changes based on
demand. Ideal for point to point communication.
TDMA
 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
breaks a transmission into multiple time slots,
each one dedicated to a different transmitter.
 TDMA is increasingly becoming more
widespread in satellite communication.
 TDMA uses the same techniques (FAMA and
DAMA) as FDMA does.
TDMA (cont.)
 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA.
 Digital equipment used in time division
multiplexing is increasingly becoming cheaper.
 There are advantages in digital transmission
techniques. Ex: error correction.
 Lack of intermodulation noise means increased
efficiency.

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Satellite Communications

 The advantages of satellite communication

 The disadvantages of satellite

 These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above

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