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Lecture 15

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Plane Table Survey

Lecture – 15
A Brief Description:
 A graphical method, in which measurements and plotting are
done in the field simultaneously.
 In this method of surveying a table top, similar to drawing board
fitted on to a tripod is the main instrument. A drawing sheet is
fixed on to the table top, the observations are made to the objects,
distances are scaled down and the objects are plotted in the field
itself.
 Since the plotting is made in the field itself, there is no chance of
omitting any necessary measurement in this surveying. However
the accuracy achieved in this type of surveying is less. Hence this
type of surveying is used for filling up details between the survey
stations previously fixed by other methods.
Plane Table and its Accessories:
 The most commonly used plane table is shown in Fig. It
consists of a well seasoned wooden table top mounted on a
tripod. The table top can rotate about vertical axis freely.
Whenever necessary table can be clamped in the desired
orientation. The table can be leveled by adjusting tripod legs.
Plane Table and its Accessories

 The following accessories are required to carry out plane table


survey:
1. Alidade
2. Plumbing fork with plumb bob
3. Spirit level
4. Trough compass
5. Drawing sheets and accessories for drawing
1. Alidade:
 It is a straight edge ruler having some form of sighting device.
One edge of the ruler is beveled and is graduated. Always this
edge is used for drawing line of sight.
 Depending on the type of line of sight there are two types of
alidade.
a. Plain alidade
b. Telescopic alidade
a. Plane Alidade:

 Figure shows a typical plain adidate. A sight vane is provided


at each end of the ruler. The vane with narrow slit serves as
eye vane and the other with wide slit and having a thin wire at
its centre serves as object vane. The two vanes are provided
with hinges at the ends of ruler so that when not in use they
can be folded on the ruler. Plain alidade is not suitable in
surveying hilly areas as the inclination of line of sight in this
case is limited.
b. Telescopic Alidade:

 It consists of a telescope mounted on a column fixed to the


ruler. The line of sight through the telescope is kept parallel to
the bevelled edge of the ruler. The telescope is provided with
a level tube and vertical graduation arc. If horizontal sight is
required bubble in the level tube is kept at the centre. If
inclined sights are required vertical graduation helps in noting
the inclination of the line of sight. By providing telescope the
range and the accuracy of line of sight is increased.
2. Plumbing Fork and Plumb Bob:
 Figure shows a typical plumbing fork with a plum bob.
Plumbing fork is a U-shaped metal frame with a upper
horizontal arm and a lower inclined arm. The upper arm is
provided with a pointer at the end while the lower arm is
provided with a hook to suspend plumb bob. When the
plumbing fork is kept on the plane table the vertical line (line
of plumb bob) passes through the pointed edge of upper
arm. The plumb bob helps in
transferring the ground point
to the drawing sheet and
vice versa also.
3. Spirit Level:
 A flat based spirit level is used to level the plane table during
surveying (Fig). To get perfect level, spirit level should show
central position for bubble tube when checked with its
positions in any two mutually perpendicular direction.
4. Trough Compass:
 It consists of a 80 to 150 mm long and 30 mm wide box
carrying a freely suspended needle at its centre (Ref. Fig.). At
the ends of the needle graduations are marked on the box to
indicate zero to five degrees on either side of the centre. The
box is provided with glass top to prevent oscillation of
the needle by wind. When needle is centred (reading 0–0), the
line of needle is parallel to the edge of the box. Hence
marking on the edges in this state indicates magnetic north–
south direction.
5. Drawing Sheet and Accessories for Drawing:

 A good quality, seasoned drawing sheet should be used for


plane table surveying. The drawing sheet may be rolled when
not in use, but should never is folded. For important works
fiber glass sheets or paper backed with thin aluminum sheets
are used.
 Clips clamps, adhesive tapes may be used for fixing drawing
sheet to the plane table. Sharp hard pencil, good quality
eraser, pencil cutter and sand paper to keep pencil point sharp
are other accessories required for the drawing work. If
necessary, plastic sheet should be carried to cover the drawing
sheet from rain and dust.
Setting Up:
 Convenient height
 Centering on control point
 Leveling of plane table

Orientation:
 By magnetic compass
 By back sighting
Errors:
 Board or Plane Table not horizontal or level.
 Board not centered properly on control point.
 Board not correctly oriented.
 Movement in table due to improper clamping.
 Inaccurate sighting.
 Alidade not correctly centered on point.
 Rays not drawn accurately.
 Inaccurate plotting.
 Expansion/ Contraction of paper.
Advantages:
 Suitable for small scale mapping.
 Most rapid.
 Comparison with ground all the time for accuracy.
 Exact representation of ground.
 Omitting of details is not possible.
 Errors can be detected by check lines easily.
 Contours will represent profile of ground correctly.
 Great skills not required.
Disadvantages:
 Work only possible in fair whether.
 Equipment is heavy/cumbersome.
 Accessories are small, may be lost.
 Not very accurate for large scale survey.

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