Pertemuan 5 - Mathematics Induction
Pertemuan 5 - Mathematics Induction
Pertemuan 5 - Mathematics Induction
Discrete Mathematics
Objectives
Definition of Induction
Simple Induction Principle
Generalized Induction Principle
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Definition
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Example1:
n(n+1)/2
Proof :
Let n = 6 p(6) is “Number of positive Integer
from 1 to 6 is 6(6+1)/2” , looks that :
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21 6(7)/2 = 21
So the proposition (statement) is True.
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Example2:
Number n is the first positive odd numbers is n2
Proof:
Let n = 6 , (n = 1,2,3,4,5,6) then :
n = 1 1=1 (1)2 = 1
n = 2 1+3 = 4 (2)2 = 4
n = 3 1+3+5 = 9 (3)2 = 9
n = 4 1+3+5+7 = 16 (4)2 = 16
n = 5 1+3+5+7+9 = 25 (5)2 = 25
n = 6 1+3+5+7+9+11 = 36 (6)2 = 36
So the proposition (statement) is True.
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Simple Induction Priciple
Let p(n) is a statement about the positive integers.
We want to prove that p(n) is true for all positive
integers n.
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First Step is called the induction base, while the
second step is called the induction step.
Step induction contains the assumption which states
that p(n) is true. The assumption is called the
induction hypothesis.
When we have shown both of these steps properly then
we have proved that p(n) is true for all positive integers
n.
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Mathematical induction applies like a
domino effect.
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Example3:
Show that for n 1,
1+2+3+…+n = n(n+1)/2, through
mathematical induction.
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Solution
Bases
p(1) is true n = 1, obtained from
1 = 1(1+1)/2
= 1(2)/2
= 2/2
=1
Induction
Let p(n) is true assuming that
1+2+3+…+n = n(n+1)/2 is also true (hypothesis).
Show that for p(n+1) is also true, that is:
1+2+3+…+n+(n+1) = (n+1)[(n+1)+1]/2
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1+2+3+…+n+(n+1) = (1+2+3+…+n)+(n+1)
= [n(n+1)/2]+(n+1)
= [(n2+n)/2]+(n+1)
= [(n2+n)/2]+[(2n+2)/2]
= (n2+3n+2)/2
= (n+1)(n+2)/2
= (n+1)[(n+1)+1]/2
Step (i) and (ii) is proved true, then for all positive
integers n, proved that for all n 1,
1+2+3+…+n = n(n+1)/2 is TRUE.
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Example4:
Show that the number n the first positive
odd numbers is n2, through mathematical
Induction.
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Solution
Bases
p(1) is true n = 1, obtained from
1 = (1)2
Induction
Let p(n) is true assuming that
1+3+5+…+(2n-1) = n2 is also true (hypothesis).
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Generalized induction principle
Let p (n) is a statement about integers, and we
wanted to prove that p (n) is true for all
integers n n0.
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Example5:
For all Nonnegative integers n, proved by
mathematical induction that
20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n= 2n+1 -1
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Solution
Bases
p(0) is true n = 0, obtained from :
20 = 1 = 20+1 -1
= 21 -1
=2–1
=1
Induction
Let p(n) is true for :
20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n= 2n+1 -1, (hypotesis).
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20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n+ 2n+1 = (20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n) + 2(n+1)
= 2(n+1)+1 -1 + 2n+1
= (2n+1 + 2n+1) – 1
= (2 . 2n+1) – 1
= 2n+2 – 1
= 2(n+1)+1 -1
Step (i) and (ii) is proved true, then for all negative integers n,
proved that 20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n= 2n+1 -1.
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Exercise
Buktikan dengan induksi matematika
bahwa 3n < n! untuk n bilangan bulat
positif yang lebih besar dari 6
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Application of Mathematical
Induction
function Exp(a:integer, m: integer )
{ Fungsi untuk menghitung am }
Deklarasi
k, r : integer
Algoritma:
r1
km
while (k > 0)
rr*a
kk–1
end
return r
{ Computes : r = am
Loop invariant : r x ak = am
}
(i) Basis:
Untuk n = 0, maka r0 = 1, k0 = m.
Maka p(0) benar sebab
r0 ak0 = am 1 am = am
(ii) Langkah Induksi
Asumsikan p(n) benar untuk n ≥ 0, yaitu setelah melewati
kalang n kali, yaitu rn x akn = am . (hipotesis)
Kita harus menunjukkan p(n+1) benar, yaitu untuk satu
tambahan iterasi kalang while, maka
rn+1 x akn+1 = am
Hal ini ditunjukkan sebagai berikut: Setelah satu tambahan
iterasi melewati kalang,
rn+1 = rn x a dan kn+1 = kn – 1 maka
rn+1 x akn+1 = (rn x a ) x akn – 1
= (rn x a ) x akn x a-1
= rn x akn = am (dari hipotesis induksi)
Jadi, rn+1 x akn+1 = am p(n+1) benar
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Soal Latihan
5. Buktikan dengan induksi matematik bahwa untuk n ≥ 1
turunan f(x) = xn adalah f’(x) = nxn – 1
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8. Temukan kesalahan dalam pembuktian berikut. Kita ingin
membuktikan bahwa an = 1 untuk semua bilangan bulat tak-
negatif n bilamana a adalah bilangan riil tidak-nol. Kita akan
membuktikan ini dengan prinsip induksi kuat.
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