Materi AMML 13

INDUCTION
MACHINE
1
Variations in
Induction
Motor Torque-
Speed
Characterictics
2
Types of starters used in IM
D.O.L Starter
Star- delta starter
Auto-transformer starter
3
Star-delta starter
4
Auto-transformer starter
5
Speed control methods:-
Pole changing
Stator voltage control
Supply frequency control
Rotor resistance control
Slip energy recovery
6
Pole changing method:
 We know that ns=120f/p . By changing the value of p
speed can be changed.
 By providing the stator with independent windings each
wound for different member of poles. This results in two
speed motor.
 The stator is provided with one winding or with two
independent windings, but coils of each winding can be re-
connected to produce a different number of poles in the
ratio of 2:1.
 Two independent windings on the stator, each being
designed to give different no. of poles in the ratio of 2:1
can give four different no. of poles in the ratio of 3:2:1.5:1
and thus, a four speed induction motor can be obtained.
7
POLE CHANGING METHOD:
8
Pole Changing:
Various connections
9
1.
10
2.
11
3.
12
Stator voltage control:-
 The speed can be controlled by varying the
supply voltage until the torque required by
the load is developed at the desired speed.
 The torque developed is proportional to the
square of the supply voltage and current is
proportional to the voltage.
 Therefore, voltage is reduced to reduce
speed for the same current, the torque
developed by the motor is reduced.
 This method is suitable where load torque
decreases with speed e.g. fan load.
13
Speed-torque curves: voltage
variation
14
Variable frequency control:
 The variable frequency supply is obtained by
the following converter.
◦ Voltage source inverter
◦ Current source inverter
◦ Cycloconverter
 An inverter converts a fixed voltage d.c. to a
fixed ( or variable ) voltage a.c. with variable
frequency.
 A Cycloconverter converts a fixed voltage and
fixed frequency a.c. to a variable voltage and
variable frequency a.c.
15
Torque-speed curves with V/f
constant
16
Torque-speed curves with E/f held
constant
17
Rotor resistance control
This method is applicable to slip ring induction
motor only.
The speed of motor can be controlled by
connecting external resistance in the rotor
circuit.
The starting torque increases with increase in
resistance, the pull out speed of the motor
decreases but the maximum torque remains
constant, the speed can be controlled from
the rated speed to lower speed.
18
Speed-torque curves : rotor
resistance variation
19
Effect of
changing
rotor-circuit
resistance
(torque-slip
curve)
20
Slip energy recovery a scheme
The basic principle of slip power recovery

is to connect an external source of emf of
slip frequency of the rotor circuit.
Thismethod is known as scheribus

scheme.
21
A portion of rotor a.c. power is converted
into d.c by a diode bridge.
The output of the rectifier is connected to

the d.c. terminals of the inverter, which
inverts this d.c. power to a.c. power and
feeds it back to the a.c source. It provides
the speed control synchronous speed.
22
Some important
features of IM
23
Leakage reactance
Leakage reactance is the impedance

due to the leakage flux.
More the leakage reactance more
magnetizing current is required to
obtain working m.m.f .
It also decreases the power factor and
gives more losses in motor.
24
COGGING:-
When number of slots of rotor and stator
are equal, then a magnetic interlocking
takes place and motor does not start. It
occurs during starting of motor.
CRAWLING:-
In this phenomenon motor starts to run
stably at speed lower than rated speed due
to presence of harmonics. It occurs during
running of motor.
25
LOSSES IN AN IM
FIXED LOSSES- These loses are composed of
◦ Core loss
◦ Bearing friction loss
◦ Brush friction loss in slip ring IM only
◦ Windage loss
VARIABLE LOSSES-These losses are composed of
◦ Stator ohmic loss

◦ Rotor ohmic loss
◦ Brush contact loss only for slip ring IM
◦ Stray load loss
26
The relationship between
the input electric power and the output
mechanical power of this motor is shown Below
27
ROTATIONAL LOSSES
The higher the speed of an induction
motor, the higher the friction, windage,
and stray losses.
 On the other hand, the higher the
speed of the motor (up to nSYNC), the
lower its core losses.
Therefore, these three categories of
losses are sometimes lumped together
and called rotational losses.
28
Difference between
SINGLE CAGE IM DOUBLE CAGE IM
 Low  High starting torque
starting torque
 High operating slip  Low operating slip
 Low operating  High operating
efficiency efficiency
29
Induction generator
If a polyphase IM is given a voltage and
frequency for supply mains and rotate
at speed higher than a synchronous
speed by a prime mover, then rotor
overtakes rotating magnetic field as a
result emf and currents in rotor reverse
their direction. This is called induction
generator.
30
Improving power factor of 3
phase IM
 3-phase IM has an air gap between stator and
rotor winding due to which motor needs high
magnetizing current for the production of
working magnetic flux.
 Power factor can be improved by following
methods.
◦ Reducing the air gap between stator and rotor
winding
◦ By use of static capacitor across stator terminal
◦ For wound motor, by use of auxiliary machines
31
Improving starting torque of a
3-phase IM
 Increasing rotor circuit resistance
32
Induction machine never reach
synchronous speed. Why?
33

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INDUCTION

The basic principle of slip power recovery

Thismethod is known as scheribus

The output of the rectifier is connected to

Leakage reactance is the impedance

◦ Stator ohmic loss

 Low operating  High operating

 Increasing rotor circuit resistance

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