Principles and Methods of Rice Milling

PRINCIPLES AND METHODS
OF RICE MILLING
Rice milling is the process wherein paddy is
transformed into a form suitable for human
consumption. The process includes the removal
of hull and bran, and the end-product recovered
is called milled rice or polished rice.
Two Basic Operation of Ricemilling
Dehulling (or dehusking) – it is the process of
removing the husk of paddy to produce
brown rice
Polishing (or whitening) – it is the process of
removing the bran of brown rice to produce
white and pearly milledrice.
Rice Milling includes the following process
Pre-cleaning – Paddy for milling has to

undergo the pre-cleaning process as an
initial step to remove impurities such as
straws, chaffs, dust, weed seeds, stones,
etc.
Hulling or De-Husking – After the pre-
cleaning process, the paddy is then
passed to a hulling machine that removes
the husk from the paddy. Rubber roll huller
is commonly used in the industry.
Husk Aspiration – the process of removing
or separating the husk/hull from the
mixture of brownrice using husk
aspirators.
Paddy Separation – Not all paddy grains
are hulled at once. From the husk
aspirator, the mixture of paddy and
brownrice is discharged to the paddy
separator where the paddy is separated
from the brownrice. The remaining paddy
is returned to the huller for dehulling, while
the brownrice goes to the whitener
Whitening – In this process, the silver skin and the bran
layer of brown rice are removed.
Grading - It is the process of separating broken rice
kernels from whole or head rice. The broken kernels are
often separated into different sizes.
OPERATION EQUIPMENT PRODUCT BY-PRODUCT
1. Pre-cleaning Pre-cleaner Clean paddy Foreign material such as
straw, chaff, weed seed
2. Hulling or De-huller (rubber Mixture of paddy,
de-husking roll) brown ric e and hull
3. Husk Aspiration Husk Aspirator Mixture of paddy, Rice hull
brown ric e
4. Separation of Paddy Separator Brown Rice Return Paddy
Paddy
5. Whitening Abrasive Milled Rice Bran and germ
whitener/Friction
Withener
6. Grading Indented Cylinder Whole Broken rice
• Losses in milling
Quantitative or physical losses are
manifested by low milling recovery
Qualitative losses are manifested
by low headrice recovery or high
percentage broken grains and other
quality parameters, such as
presence of discolored grains.
Factors that affect Rice Milling Performance (3 Ms)
Material or Grain factors - Good quality milled

rice can only be produced from good quality
paddy. Good quality paddy, meaning high purity,
no or minimal cracked kernels, and no or
minimal immature grains
Machine and Method Factor - Proper
selection, adjustment and operation of milling
equipment are critical for optimum milling results
Man or Operation Factor - The knowledge and
skills of operators and technicians concerned
with the operation of the machines are important
in the production of high quality milled rice.
Other Operational Tips and Recommendation for
Optimum Milling Performance:
Good quality milled rice can only be produced from

good quality paddy
Dried paddy should be protected from reabsorbing
moisture – This normally happens in sundrying,
which is difficult to control. Re-wetting of dry grain
will result to grain fissuring. Also, grain fissuring will
occur when dry grain is mixed with wet grain. Critical
moisture content during re-wetting is between 11-
16%
As much as possible, do not mix different varieties
of paddy. If this cannot be avoided, mix only
varieties with similar bio-chemical characteristics
and physical characteristics
Timely harvesting, immediate threshing
and drying prevent damage such as
discoloration of paddy.
Clean paddy before drying and milling to
remove half filled or empty grains.
Sanitation of dryer and ricemill facility and
premises should be observed.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
Pre-cleaning Impurities
Clean Paddy
Hulling/Dehusking Rice Hull
Mixture of Paddy and Brown Rice
Return Paddy Paddy Separation
Brown Rice
Whitening Bran
Milled Rice
Grading Brokens
Head Rice
MATERIAL BALANCE
Paddy Input Pre-cleaning Impurities (0)

(100 %)
Clean Paddy (100%)
Hulling/Dehusking Rice Hull (23 %)
Mixture of Paddy and Brown Rice
Paddy Separation
Brown Rice (77 %)
Whitening Bran (8 %) + Binlid (1%)
Milled Rice (68%)

EXPECTED RICE MILLING RECOVERIES
OUTPUT
Paddy Input RICEMILL (Husk + Impurities)

(100 %)
Husk = Input x 95% x 23%
Purity = 95% = Input x 21.85%
Impurities = 5% Impurities = Input x 5%
OUTPUT
Brown rice = 77% x Purity = 73.15%
Milled rice = Input x (68%/77%) x 73.15% = Input x 64.6%

Bran = Input x (8%/77%) x 73.15% = Input x 7.6%
Binlid = Input x (1%/77%) x 73.15% = Input x 0.95%

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PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

Pre-cleaning – Paddy for milling has to

Material or Grain factors - Good quality milled

Good quality milled rice can only be produced from

Hulling/Dehusking Rice Hull

Mixture of Paddy and Brown Rice

Return Paddy Paddy Separation

Paddy Input Pre-cleaning Impurities (0)

Hulling/Dehusking Rice Hull (23 %)

Mixture of Paddy and Brown Rice

Brown Rice (77 %)

Whitening Bran (8 %) + Binlid (1%)

Milled Rice (68%)

Paddy Input RICEMILL (Husk + Impurities)

Milled rice = Input x (68%/77%) x 73.15% = Input x 64.6%

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